Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

Certain compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof, are provided herein. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. Methods of treating patients suffering from certain diseases and disorders responsive to the inhibition of KMO activity are described; which comprise administering to such patients an amount of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein effective to reduce signs or symptoms of the disease or disorder are disclosed. These diseases include neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington&#39;s disease. Also described are methods of treatment include administering at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein as a single active agent or administering at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents. Also provided are methods for screening compounds capable of inhibiting KMO activity.

This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT International Application No. PCT/US2014/056887, filed Sep. 23, 2014, which in turn claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/882,813, filed Sep. 26, 2013, both of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

Provided herein are certain kynurenine-3-monooxygenase inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of their use.

Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) is an enzyme in the tryptophan degradation pathway that catalyzes the conversion of kynurenine (KYN) into 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK or 3-OH-KYN), which is further degraded to the excitotoxic NMDA receptor agonist QUIN (3-hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase). 3-OH-KYN and QUIN act synergistically, i.e. 3-OH-KYN significantly potentiates the excitotoxic actions of QUIN. Studies from several laboratories have provided evidence that the shift of KYN pathway metabolism away from the 3-OH-KYN/QUIN branch to increase the formation of the neuroprotectant KYNA (kynurenic acid) in the brain leads to neuroprotection. In addition to having effects in the brain, the inhibition of KMO is further contemplated to impact peripheral tissues. Thus, the inhibition of KMO may be useful in the treatment of peripheral diseases as well as diseases of the brain. Furthermore, the relationship between KMO inhibition and elevations in AA (Anthranilic acid) could also have significant biological effects.

It has also been reported that KMO expression increases in inflammatory conditions or after immune stimulation. 3-OH-KYN, the product of its activity, accumulates in the brain of vitamin B-6 deficient neonatal rats and it causes cytotoxicity when added to neuronal cells in primary cultures or when locally injected into the brain. Recently, it was reported that relatively low concentrations (nanomolar) of 3-OH-KYN may cause apoptotic cell death of neurons in primary neuronal cultures. Structure-activity studies have in fact shown that 3-OH-KYN, and other o-amino phenols, may be subject to oxidative reactions initiated by their conversion to quinoneimines, a process associated with concomitant production of oxygen-derived free radicals. The involvement of these reactive species in the pathogenesis of ischemic neuronal death has been widely studied in the last several years and it has been shown that oxygen derived free radicals and glutamate mediated neurotransmission co-operate in the development of ischemic neuronal death.

It was also recently demonstrated that KMO activity is particularly elevated in the iris-ciliary body and that neo-formed 3-OH-KYN is secreted into the fluid of the lens. An excessive accumulation of 3-OH-KYN in the lens may cause cataracts.

QUIN is an agonist of a subgroup of NMDA receptors and when directly injected into brain areas it destroys most neuronal cell bodies sparing fibers en passant and neuronal terminals. QUIN is a relatively poor agonist of the NMDA receptor complex containing either NR2C or NR2D subunits, while it interacts with relatively high affinity with the NMDA receptor complex containing NR2A and NR2B subunits. The neurotoxicity profile found after intrastriatal injection of QUIN resembles that found in the basal nuclei of Huntington's disease patients: while most of the intrinsic striatal neurons are destroyed, NADH-diaphorase-staining neurons (which are now considered able to express nitric oxide synthetase) and neurons containing neuropeptide Y seem to be spared together with axon terminals and fiber en passant.

In vivo-infusion of KYNA has shown to modulate synaptic release of critical neurotransmitters implicated in cognitive processes and affective mental faculties, such as acetylcholine (Ach), dopamine, and glutamate; therefore elevation of KYNA in brain can have effects in cognitive disorders and disorders arising from, or influenced by, changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters glutamate, dopamine, or Ach (such as Alzheimer's Disease, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Parkinson's Disease (PD), schizophrenia, Huntington's Disease (HD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette's Syndrome).

In vitro, the neurotoxic effects of the compound have been studied in different model systems with variable results: chronic exposure of organotypic cortico-striatal cultures to submicromolar concentration of QUIN causes histological signs of pathology, similar results have been obtained after chronic exposure of cultured neuronal cells.

In models of inflammatory neurological disorders such as experimental allergic encephalitis, bacterial and viral infections, forebrain global ischemia or spinal trauma, brain QUIN levels are extremely elevated. This increased brain QUIN concentration could be due to either an elevated circulating concentration of the excitotoxin or to an increased de novo synthesis in activated microglia or in infiltrating macrophages. In retrovirus-infected macaques, it has been proposed that most of the increased content of brain QUIN (approximately 98%) is due to local production. In fact, a robust increase in the activities of IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase), KMO and kynureninase has been found in areas of brain inflammation.

Previous studies have shown that agents able to increase brain KYNA content cause sedation, mild analgesia, increase in the convulsive threshold, and neuroprotection against excitotoxic or ischemic damage. In addition to the above reported evidences, it has been recently demonstrated that a number of compounds able to increase brain KYNA formation may cause a robust decrease in glutamate (GLU) mediated neurotransmission by reducing GLU concentrations in brain extracellular spaces.

There remains a need for compounds that are effective inhibitors of KMO and may be used in treating neurodegenerative disorders.

Accordingly, provided is a compound of Formula I

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof,         wherein     -   X is chosen from O and NR₁;     -   Y is chosen from (CR₂R₃)_(n) and C(O);     -   Z is chosen from CH₂, O, S, and NR₄;     -   R₁ and R₄ are independently chosen from hydrogen and lower         alkyl;     -   for each occurrence, R₂ and R₃ are independently chosen from         hydrogen, halo, and optionally substituted lower alkyl;     -   R₅ is chosen from hydrogen and halo; and     -   n is 1 or 2;     -   provided that the compound of Formula I is not chosen from:

-   (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(7-chloro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(7-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; and

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(2,2-difluoro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid.

Also provided is a compound of Formula I

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof,         wherein     -   X is chosen from O and NR₁;     -   Y is chosen from (CR₂R₃)_(n) and C(O);     -   Z is chosen from CH₂, O, S, and NR₄;     -   R₁ and R₄ are independently chosen from hydrogen and lower         alkyl;     -   for each occurrence, R₂ and R₃ are independently chosen from         hydrogen, halo, and optionally substituted lower alkyl;     -   R₅ is chosen from hydrogen and halo; and     -   n is 1 or 2;     -   provided that the compound of Formula I is not chosen from:

-   (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(7-chloro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(7-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-(4-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(2,2-difluoro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo     [d]imidazole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-1-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; and

-   (1S,2S)-2-(4-chloro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]oxazole-6-carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic     acid.

Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Also provided is a method of treating a condition or disorder mediated by Kynurenine 3-mono-oxygenase activity in a subject in need of such a treatment which method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof described herein.

Also provided is a method of treating a condition or disorder mediated by Kynurenine 3-mono-oxygenase activity in a subject in need of such a treatment which method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein.

Also provided is a packaged pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one pharmaceutical composition described herein and instructions for using the composition to treat a subject suffering from a condition or disorder mediated by Kynurenine 3-mono-oxygenase activity.

As used in the present specification, the following words, phrases and symbols are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicates otherwise. The following abbreviations and terms have the indicated meanings throughout:

A dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —CONH₂ is attached through the carbon atom.

By “optional” or “optionally” is meant that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted alkyl” encompasses both “alkyl” and “substituted alkyl” as defined below. It will be understood by those skilled in the art, with respect to any group containing one or more substituents, that such groups are not intended to introduce any substitution or substitution patterns that are sterically impractical, synthetically non-feasible and/or inherently unstable.

“Alkyl” encompasses straight chain and branched chain having the indicated number of carbon atoms, usually from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 6 carbon atoms. For example C₁-C₆ alkyl encompasses both straight and branched chain alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, and the like. Alkylene is another subset of alkyl, referring to the same residues as alkyl, but having two points of attachment. Alkylene groups will usually have from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, for example 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. For example, C₀ alkylene indicates a covalent bond and C₁ alkylene is a methylene group. When an alkyl residue having a specific number of carbons is named, all geometric isomers having that number of carbons are intended to be encompassed; thus, for example, “butyl” is meant to include n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl; “propyl” includes n-propyl and isopropyl. “Lower alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbons.

“Aryl” indicates an aromatic carbon ring having the indicated number of carbon atoms, for example, 6 to 12 or 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Aryl groups may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic). In some instances, both rings of a polycyclic aryl group are aromatic (e.g., naphthyl). In other instances, polycyclic aryl groups may include a non-aromatic ring (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl) fused to an aromatic ring, provided the polycyclic aryl group is bound to the parent structure via an atom in the aromatic ring. Thus, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-5-yl group (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via an aromatic carbon atom) is considered an aryl group, while 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic carbon atom) is not considered an aryl group. Similarly, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-8-yl group (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via an aromatic carbon atom) is considered an aryl group, while 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-1-yl group (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic nitrogen atom) is not considered an aryl group. However, the term “aryl” does not encompass or overlap with “heteroaryl”, as defined herein, regardless of the point of attachment (e.g., both quinolin-5-yl and quinolin-2-yl are heteroaryl groups). In some instances, aryl is phenyl or naphthyl. In certain instances, aryl is phenyl. Additional examples of aryl groups comprising an aromatic carbon ring fused to a non-aromatic ring are described below.

“Cycloalkyl” indicates a non-aromatic, fully saturated carbocyclic ring having the indicated number of carbon atoms, for example, 3 to 10, or 3 to 8, or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic). Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl and cyclohexyl, as well as bridged and caged ring groups (e.g., norbornane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane). In addition, one ring of a polycyclic cycloalkyl group may be aromatic, provided the polycyclic cycloalkyl group is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic carbon. For example, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl group (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic carbon atom) is a cycloalkyl group, while 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-5-yl (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via an aromatic carbon atom) is not considered a cycloalkyl group. Examples of polycyclic cycloalkyl groups consisting of a cycloalkyl group fused to an aromatic ring are described below.

“Cycloalkenyl” indicates a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms (e.g., 3 to 10, or 3 to 8, or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms) and at least one carbon-carbon double bond derived by the removal of one molecule of hydrogen from adjacent carbon atoms of the corresponding cycloalkyl. Cycloalkenyl groups may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic). Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, and cyclohexenyl, as well as bridged and caged ring groups (e.g., bicyclo[2.2.2]octene). In addition, one ring of a polycyclic cycloalkenyl group may be aromatic, provided the polycyclic alkenyl group is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic carbon atom. For example, inden-1-yl (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic carbon atom) is considered a cycloalkenyl group, while inden-4-yl (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via an aromatic carbon atom) is not considered a cycloalkenyl group. Examples of polycyclic cycloalkenyl groups consisting of a cycloalkenyl group fused to an aromatic ring are described below.

“Heteroaryl” indicates an aromatic ring containing the indicated number of atoms (e.g., 5 to 12, or 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl) made up of one or more heteroatoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms) selected from N, O and S and with the remaining ring atoms being carbon. Heteroaryl groups do not contain adjacent S and O atoms. In some embodiments, the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group is not more than 2. In some embodiments, the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group is not more than 1. Unless otherwise indicated, heteroaryl groups may be bound to the parent structure by a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. For example, “pyridyl” includes 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl groups, and “pyrrolyl” includes 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl and 3-pyrrolyl groups. When nitrogen is present in a heteroaryl ring, it may, where the nature of the adjacent atoms and groups permits, exist in an oxidized state (i.e., N⁺—O⁻). Additionally, when sulfur is present in a heteroaryl ring, it may, where the nature of the adjacent atoms and groups permits, exist in an oxidized state (i.e., S⁺—O⁻ or SO₂). Heteroaryl groups may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic).

In some instances, a heteroaryl group is monocyclic. Examples include pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole (e.g., 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole), tetrazole, furan, isoxazole, oxazole, oxadiazole (e.g., 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole), thiophene, isothiazole, thiazole, thiadiazole (e.g., 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole), pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine (e.g., 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine) and tetrazine.

In some instances, both rings of a polycyclic heteroaryl group are aromatic. Examples include indole, isoindole, indazole, benzoimidazole, benzotriazole, benzofuran, benzoxazole, benzoisoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzoisothiazole, benzothiadiazole, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine, 3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine, 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine, 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine, 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine, 3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine, 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine, 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine, 1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, furo[2,3-b]pyridine, oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, isoxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, [1,2,3]oxadiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, furo[3,2-b]pyridine, oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, isoxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, [1,2,3]oxadiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, furo[2,3-c]pyridine, oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, [1,2,3]oxadiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, furo[3,2-c]pyridine, oxazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, isoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, [1,2,3]oxadiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, thieno[2,3-b]pyridine, thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, [1,2,3]thiadiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, thieno[3,2-b]pyridine, thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, isothiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, [1,2,3]thiadiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, thieno[2,3-c]pyridine, thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, isothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, [1,2,3]thiadiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, thieno[3,2-c]pyridine, thiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, isothiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, [1,2,3]thiadiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, phthalazine, naphthyridine (e.g., 1,8-naphthyridine, 1,7-naphthyridine, 1,6-naphthyridine, 1,5-naphthyridine, 2,7-naphthyridine, 2,6-naphthyridine), imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]thiazole, 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]thiazole and imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole.

In other instances, polycyclic heteroaryl groups may include a non-aromatic ring (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl) fused to a heteroaryl ring, provided the polycyclic heteroaryl group is bound to the parent structure via an atom in the aromatic ring. For example, a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl group (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via an aromatic carbon atom) is considered a heteroaryl group, while 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-5-yl (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic carbon atom) is not considered a heteroaryl group. Examples of polycyclic heteroaryl groups consisting of a heteroaryl ring fused to a non-aromatic ring are described below.

“Heterocycloalkyl” indicates a non-aromatic, fully saturated ring having the indicated number of atoms (e.g., 3 to 10, or 3 to 7, membered heterocycloalkyl) made up of one or more heteroatoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms) selected from N, O and S and with the remaining ring atoms being carbon. Heterocycloalkyl groups may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic). Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include oxiranyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl and thiomorpholinyl. When nitrogen is present in a heterocycloalkyl ring, it may, where the nature of the adjacent atoms and groups permits, exist in an oxidized state (i.e., N⁺—O⁻). Examples include piperidinyl N-oxide and morpholinyl-N-oxide. Additionally, when sulfur is present in a heterocycloalkyl ring, it may, where the nature of the adjacent atoms and groups permits, exist in an oxidized state (i.e., S⁺—O⁻ or —SO₂—). Examples include thiomorpholine S-oxide and thiomorpholine S,S-dioxide. In addition, one ring of a polycyclic heterocycloalkyl group may be aromatic (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl), provided the polycyclic heterocycloalkyl group is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic carbon or nitrogen atom. For example, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-1-yl group (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic nitrogen atom) is considered a heterocycloalkyl group, while 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-8-yl group (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via an aromatic carbon atom) is not considered a heterocycloalkyl group. Examples of polycyclic heterocycloalkyl groups consisting of a heterocycloalkyl group fused to an aromatic ring are described below.

“Heterocycloalkenyl” indicates a non-aromatic ring having the indicated number of atoms (e.g., 3 to 10, or 3 to 7, membered heterocycloalkyl) made up of one or more heteroatoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms) selected from N, O and S and with the remaining ring atoms being carbon, and at least one double bond derived by the removal of one molecule of hydrogen from adjacent carbon atoms, adjacent nitrogen atoms, or adjacent carbon and nitrogen atoms of the corresponding heterocycloalkyl. Heterocycloalkenyl groups may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic). When nitrogen is present in a heterocycloalkenyl ring, it may, where the nature of the adjacent atoms and groups permits, exist in an oxidized state (i.e., N⁺—O⁻). Additionally, when sulfur is present in a heterocycloalkenyl ring, it may, where the nature of the adjacent atoms and groups permits, exist in an oxidized state (i.e., S⁺—O⁻ or —SO₂—). Examples of heterocycloalkenyl groups include dihydrofuranyl (e.g., 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, 2,5-dihydrofuranyl), dihydrothiophenyl (e.g., 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl, 2,5-dihydrothiophenyl), dihydropyrrolyl (e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl, 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl), dihydroimidazolyl (e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazolyl, 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazolyl), pyranyl, dihydropyranyl (e.g., 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl), tetrahydropyridinyl (e.g., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl) and dihydropyridine (e.g., 1,2-dihydropyridine, 1,4-dihydropyridine). In addition, one ring of a polycyclic heterocycloalkenyl group may be aromatic (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl), provided the polycyclic heterocycloalkenyl group is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic carbon or nitrogen atom. For example, a 1,2-dihydroquinolin-1-yl group (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via a non-aromatic nitrogen atom) is considered a heterocycloalkenyl group, while 1,2-dihydroquinolin-8-yl group (wherein the moiety is bound to the parent structure via an aromatic carbon atom) is not considered a heterocycloalkenyl group. Examples of polycyclic heterocycloalkenyl groups consisting of a heterocycloalkenyl group fused to an aromatic ring are described below.

Examples of polycyclic rings consisting of an aromatic ring (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl) fused to a non-aromatic ring (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl) include indenyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indenyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indazolyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl, 1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]isoxazolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]isoxazolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]oxazolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophenyl, 1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]thiophenyl, 1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]isothiazolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]isothiazolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazolyl, 5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[d]thiazolyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazolyl, 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]thiazolyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridinyl, indolin-2-one, indolin-3-one, isoindolin-1-one, 1,2-dihydroindazol-3-one, 1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one, benzofuran-2(3H)-one, benzofuran-3(2H)-one, isobenzofuran-1 (3H)-one, benzo[c]isoxazol-3(1H)-one, benzo[d]isoxazol-3(2H)-one, benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one, benzo[b]thiophen-2(3H)-one, benzo[b]thiophen-3(2H)-one, benzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one, benzo[c]isothiazol-3(1H)-one, benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one, benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-one, 4,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-d]thiazol-6-one, 1,2-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d]thiazol-3-one, quinolin-4(3H)-one, quinazolin-4(3H)-one, quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, quinoxalin-2(1H)-one, quinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione, cinnolin-4(3H)-one, pyridin-2(1H)-one, pyrimidin-2(1H)-one, pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, pyridazin-3(2H)-one, 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one, 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-2(3H)-one, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-2(3H)-one, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one, 1,2-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d]thiazol-3-one and 4,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-d]thiazol-6-one. As discussed herein, whether each ring is considered an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl group is determined by the atom through which the moiety is bound to the parent structure.

By “alkoxy” is meant an alkyl group of the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, 2-pentyloxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, 3-methylpentoxy, and the like. An alkoxy group is further meant to encompass a cycloalkyl group, as defined above, that is likewise attached through an oxygen bridge. Alkoxy groups will usually have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms attached through the oxygen bridge. “Lower alkoxy” refers to alkoxy groups having 1 to 4 carbons.

The term “halo” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo, and the term “halogen” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The term “substituted”, as used herein, means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom or group is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded. When a substituent is oxo (i.e., ═O) then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds or useful synthetic intermediates. A stable compound or stable structure is meant to imply a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation from a reaction mixture, and subsequent formulation as an agent having at least practical utility. Unless otherwise specified, substituents are named into the core structure. For example, it is to be understood that when (cycloalkyl)alkyl is listed as a possible substituent, the point of attachment of this substituent to the core structure is in the alkyl portion.

The terms “substituted” alkyl (including without limitation lower alkyl), cycloalkyl, aryl (including without limitation phenyl), heterocycloalkyl (including without limitation morpholin-4-yl, 3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl, indolin-1-yl, 3-oxopiperazin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, and isoindolin-2-yl), and heteroaryl (including without limitation pyridinyl), unless otherwise expressly defined, refer respectively to alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosen from:

—R^(a), —OR^(b), —O(C₁-C₂ alkyl)O— (e.g., methylenedioxy-), —SR^(b), guanidine, guanidine wherein one or more of the guanidine hydrogens are replaced with a lower-alkyl group, —NR^(b)R^(c), halo, cyano, oxo (as a substituent for heterocycloalkyl), nitro, —COR^(b), —CO₂Rb, —CONR^(b)R^(c), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a), —OCONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), —NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c), —SOR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(b)R^(c), and —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a),

where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

R^(c) is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or

R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and

where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or three, substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl-, —OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, -C₁-C₄ alkyl-OH, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-O—C₁-C₄ alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo, —OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂, —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ phenyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl), —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

The term “substituted alkoxy” refers to alkoxy wherein the alkyl constituent is substituted (i.e., —O-(substituted alkyl)) wherein “substitutedalkyl” is as described herein. “Substituted alkoxy” also includes glycosides (i.e., glycosyl groups) and derivatives of ascorbic acid.

The term “substituted amino” refers to the group —NHR^(d) or —NR^(d)R^(d) where each R^(d) is independently chosen from: hydroxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted acyl, aminocarbonyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl, sulfinyl and sulfonyl, each as described herein, and provided that only one R^(d) may be hydroxyl. The term “substituted amino” also refers to N-oxides of the groups —NHR^(d), and NR^(d)R^(d) each as described above. N-oxides can be prepared by treatment of the corresponding amino group with, for example, hydrogen peroxide or m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The person skilled in the art is familiar with reaction conditions for carrying out the N-oxidation.

“Aminocarbonyl” encompasses a group of the formula —(C═O)(optionally substituted amino) wherein substituted amino is as described herein.

“Acyl” refers to the groups (alkyl)-C(O)—; (cycloalkyl)-C(O)—; (aryl)-C(O)—; (heteroaryl)-C(O)—; and (heterocycloalkyl)-C(O)—, wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality and wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl are as described herein. Acyl groups have the indicated number of carbon atoms, with the carbon of the keto group being included in the numbered carbon atoms. For example a C₂ acyl group is an acetyl group having the formula CH₃(C═O)—.

By “alkoxycarbonyl” is meant an ester group of the formula (alkoxy)(C═O)-attached through the carbonyl carbon wherein the alkoxy group has the indicated number of carbon atoms. Thus a C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl group is an alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms attached through its oxygen to a carbonyl linker.

By “amino” is meant the group —NH₂.

The term “sulfinyl” includes the groups: —S(O)-(optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl), —S(O)-optionally substituted aryl), —S(O)-optionally substituted heteroaryl), —S(O)-(optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl); and —S(O)-(optionally substituted amino).

The term “sulfonyl” includes the groups —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl), —S(O₂)-optionally substituted aryl), —S(O₂)-optionally substituted heteroaryl), —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl), —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted alkoxy), —S(O₂)-optionally substituted aryloxy), —S(O₂)-optionally substituted heteroaryloxy), —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted heterocyclyloxy); and —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted amino).

The term “substituted acyl” refers to the groups (substituted alkyl)-C(O)—; (substituted cycloalkyl)-C(O)—; (substituted aryl)-C(O)—; (substituted heteroaryl)-C(O)—; and (substituted heterocycloalkyl)-C(O)—, wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality and wherein substitutedalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl are as described herein.

The term “substituted alkoxycarbonyl” refers to the group (substituted alkyl)-O—C(O)— wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality and wherein substituted alkyl is as described herein.

“Glycosides” refer to any of a number of sugar derivatives that contain a non-sugar group bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen atom of a sugar and that on hydrolysis yield that sugar. An example of a glycosyl group is glucosyl.

“Derivatives of ascorbic acid” or “ascorbic acid derivatives” refer to any of a number of derivatives that contain a non-sugar group bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen atom of ascorbic acid and that on hydrolysis yield ascorbic acid (i.e., (R)-5-((S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one).

“Isomers” are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. “Stereoisomers” are isomers that differ only in the way the atoms are arranged in space. “Enantiomers” are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A 1:1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a “racemic” mixture. The symbol “(±)” may be used to designate a racemic mixture where appropriate. “Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other. A “meso compound” or “meso isomer” is a non-optically active member of a set of stereoisomers. Meso isomers contain two or more stereocenters but are not chiral (i.e., a plane of symmetry exists within the molecule). The absolute stereochemistry is specified according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R-S system. When a compound is a pure enantiomer the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon can be specified by either R or S. Resolved compounds whose absolute configuration is unknown can be designated (+) or (−) depending on the direction (dextro- or levorotatory) which they rotate plane polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line. Certain of the compounds disclosed and/or described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, meso isomers and other stereoisomeric forms. Unless otherwise indicated, compounds disclosed and/or described herein include all such possible enantiomers, diastereomers, meso isomers and other stereoisomeric forms, including racemic mixtures, optically pure forms and intermediate mixtures. Enantiomers, diastereomers, meso isomers and other stereoisomeric formscan be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. Unless specified otherwise, when the compounds disclosed and/or described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z isomers.

“Tautomers” are structurally distinct isomers that interconvert by tautomerization. Tautomerization is a form of isomerization and includes prototropic or proton-shift tautomerization, which is considered a subset of acid-base chemistry. Prototropic tautomerization or proton-shift tautomerization involves the migration of a proton accompanied by changes in bond order, often the interchange of a single bond with an adjacent double bond. Where tautomerization is possible (e.g. in solution), a chemical equilibrium of tautomers can be reached. An example of tautomerization is keto-enol tautomerization. A specific example of keto-enol tautomerization is the interconverision of pentane-2,4-dione and 4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one tautomers. Another example of tautomerization is phenol-keto tautomerization. A specific example of phenol-keto tautomerization is the interconversion of pyridin-4-ol and pyridin-4(1H)-one tautomers. When the compounds described herein contain moieties capable of tautomerization, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include all possible tautomers.

Pharmaceutically acceptable forms of the compounds recited herein include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include, but are not limited to salts with inorganic acids, such as hydrochlorate, phosphate, diphosphate, hydrobromate, sulfate, sulfinate, nitrate, and like salts; as well as salts with an organic acid, such as malate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, acetate, lactate, methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, 2-hydroxyethylsulfonate, benzoate, salicylate, stearate, and alkanoate such as acetate, HOOC—(CH₂)_(n)—COOH where n is 0-4, and like salts. Similarly, pharmaceutically acceptable cations include, but are not limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, lithium, and ammonium.

In addition, if the compounds described herein are obtained as an acid addition salt, the free base can be obtained by basifying a solution of the acid salt. Conversely, if the product is a free base, an addition salt, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt, may be produced by dissolving the free base in a suitable organic solvent and treating the solution with an acid, in accordance with conventional procedures for preparing acid addition salts from base compounds. Those skilled in the art will recognize various synthetic methodologies that may be used to prepare non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts.

The term “prodrug” refers to a substance administered in an inactive or less active form that is then transformed (e.g., by metabolic processing of the prodrug in the body) into an active compound. The rationale behind administering a prodrug is to optimize absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or excretion of the drug. Prodrugs may be obtained by making a derivative of an active compound (e.g., a compound of Formula I or another compound disclosed and/or described herein) that will undergo a transformation under the conditions of use (e.g., within the body) to form the active compound. The transformation of the prodrug to the active compound may proceed spontaneously (e.g., by way of a hydrolysis reaction) or it can be catalyzed or induced by another agent (e.g., an enzyme, light, acid or base, and/or temperature). The agent may be endogenous to the conditions of use (e.g., an enzyme present in the cells to which the prodrug is administered, or the acidic conditions of the stomach) or the agent may be supplied exogenously. Prodrugs can be obtained by converting one or more functional groups in the active compound into another functional group, which is then converted back to the original functional group when administered to the body. For example, a hydroxyl functional group can be converted to a sulfonate, phosphate, ester or carbonate group, which in turn can be hydrolyzed in vivo back to the hydroxyl group. Similarly, an amino functional group can be converted, for example, into an amide, carbamate, imine, urea, phosphenyl, phosphoryl or sulfenyl functional group, which can be hydrolyzed in vivo back to the amino group. A carboxyl functional group can be converted, for example, into an ester (including silyl esters and thioesters), amide or hydrazide functional group, which can be hydrolyzed in vivo back to the carboxyl group. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, phosphate, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of functional groups (such as alcohol or amine groups) present in the compounds of Formula I and other compounds disclosed and/or described herein.

The compounds disclosed and/or described herein can be enriched isotopic forms, e.g., enriched in the content of ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C and/or ¹⁴C. In one embodiment, the compound contains at least one deuterium atom. Such deuterated forms can be made, for example, by the procedure described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,514 and 6,334,997. Such deuterated compounds may improve the efficacy and increase the duration of action of compounds disclosed and/or described herein. Deuterium substituted compounds can be synthesized using various methods, such as those described in: Dean, D., Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Radiolabeled Compounds for Drug Discovery and Development, Curr. Pharm. Des., 2000; 6(10); Kabalka, G. et al., The Synthesis of Radiolabeled Compounds via Organometallic Intermediates, Tetrahedron, 1989, 45(21), 6601-21; and Evans, E., Synthesis of radiolabeled compounds, J. Radioanal. Chem., 1981, 64(1-2), 9-32.

A “solvate” is formed by the interaction of a solvent and a compound. The term “compound” is intended to include solvates of compounds. Similarly, “salts” includes solvates of salts. Suitable solvates are pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates, including monohydrates and hemi-hydrates.

A “chelate” is formed by the coordination of a compound to a metal ion at two (or more) points. The term “compound” is intended to include chelates of compounds. Similarly, “salts” includes chelates of salts.

A “non-covalent complex” is formed by the interaction of a compound and another molecule wherein a covalent bond is not formed between the compound and the molecule. For example, complexation can occur through van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions (also called ionic bonding). Such non-covalent complexes are included in the term “compound”.

The term “hydrogen bond” refers to a form of association between an electronegative atom (also known as a hydrogen bond acceptor) and a hydrogen atom attached to a second, relatively electronegative atom (also known as a hydrogen bond donor). Suitable hydrogen bond donor and acceptors are well understood in medicinal chemistry (G. C. Pimentel and A. L. McClellan, The Hydrogen Bond, Freeman, San Francisco, 1960; R. Taylor and O. Kennard, “Hydrogen Bond Geometry in Organic Crystals”, Accounts of Chemical Research, 17, pp. 320-326 (1984)).

“Hydrogen bond acceptor” refers to a group comprising an oxygen or nitrogen, such as an oxygen or nitrogen that is sp²-hybridized, an ether oxygen, or the oxygen of a sulfoxide or N-oxide.

The term “hydrogen bond donor” refers to an oxygen, nitrogen, or heteroaromatic carbon that bears a hydrogen. group containing a ring nitrogen or a heteroaryl group containing a ring nitrogen.

As used herein the terms “group”, “radical” or “fragment” are synonymous and are intended to indicate functional groups or fragments of molecules attachable to a bond or other fragments of molecules.

The term “active agent” is used to indicate a substance which has biological activity. In some embodiments, an “active agent” is a substance having pharmaceutical utility. For example an active agent may be an anti-neurodegenerative therapeutic.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount effective, when administered to a human or non-human subject, to provide a therapeutic benefit such as amelioration of symptoms, slowing of disease progression, or prevention of disease e.g., a therapeutically effective amount may be an amount sufficient to decrease the symptoms of a disease responsive to inhibition of KMO activity and modulation of kynurenine pathway metabolites (such as kynurenine, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, 3-OH-kynurenine, 3-OH anthranilic acid, or quinolinic acid). In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to treat the symptoms of neurodegenerative pathway or disease. In some embodiments a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to reduce the signs or side effects of a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to prevent a significant increase or significantly reduce the level of neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount entity is an amount sufficient to prevent a significant increase or significantly reduce the level of QUIN associated with neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to effect an increase in the level of KYNA associated with neuronal cell health. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to increase the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties associated with lowered levels of QUIN and increased levels of KYNA. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to modulate an inflammatory process in the body, including but not limited to inflammation in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous sytem, or meninges. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to modulate the production of cytokines responsible for mounting an effective immune response (such as IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha) or an amount sufficient to affect monocyte/macrophage pro-inflammatory activity in the periphery or in the brain in conditions where the blood-brain barrier is compromised, such as in multiple sclerosis).

In methods described herein for treating a neurodegenerative disorder, a therapeutically effective amount may also be an amount sufficient, when administered to a patient, to detectably slow the progression of the neurodegenative disease, or prevent the patient to whom the at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein is given from presenting symptoms of the neurodegenative disease. In some methods described herein for treating a neurodegenative disease, a therapeutically effective amount may also be an amount sufficient to produce a detectable decrease in the level of neuronal cell death. For example, in some embodiments a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to significantly decrease the level of neuronal death by effecting a detectable decrease in the amount of QUIN, and an increase in the amount of kynurenine, KYNA, or anthranilic acid.

In addition, an amount is considered to be a therapeutically effective amout if it is characterized as such by at least one of the above criteria or experimental conditions, regardless of any inconsistent or contradictory results under a different set of criteria or experimental conditions.

The term “inhibition” indicates a significant decrease in the baseline activity of a biological activity or process. “Inhibition of KMO activity” refers to a decrease in KMO activity as a direct or indirect response to the presence of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, relative to the activity of KMO in the absence of the at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein. The decrease in activity may be due to the direct interaction of the at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein with KMO, or due to the interaction of the at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein with one or more other factors that in turn affect KMO activity. For example, the presence of the at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein may decrease KMO activity by directly binding to the KMO, by causing (directly or indirectly) another factor to decrease KMO activity, or by (directly or indirectly) decreasing the amount of KMO present in the cell or organism.

“Inhibition of KMO activity” refers to a decrease in KMO activity as a direct or indirect response to the presence of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, relative to the activity of KMO in the absence of the at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein. The decrease in activity may be due to the direct interaction of the at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein with KMO or with one or more other factors that in turn affect KMO activity.

Inhibition of KMO activity also refers to an observable inhibition of 3-HK and QUIN production in a standard assay such as the assay described below. The inhibition of KMO activity also refers to an observable increase in the production of KYNA. In some embodiments, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein has an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 1 micromolar. In some embodiments, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein has an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to less than 100 micromolar. In some embodiments, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein has an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 10 nanomolar.

“KMO activity” also includes activation, redistribution, reorganization, or capping of one or more various KMO membrane-associated proteins (such as those receptors found in the mitochondria), or binding sitescan undergo redistribution and capping that can initiate signal transduction. KMO activity also can modulate the availability of kynurenine, which can effect the synthesis or production of QUIN, KYNA, anthranilic acid, and/or 3-HK.

A “disease responsive to inhibition of KMO activity” is a disease in which inhibiting KMO provides a therapeutic benefit such as an amelioration of symptoms, decrease in disease progression, prevention or delay of disease onset, prevention or amelioration of an inflammatory response, or inhibition of aberrant activity and/or death of certain cell-types (such as neuronal cells).

“Treatment” or “treating” means any treatment of a disease in a patient, including:

-   a) preventing the disease, that is, causing the clinical symptoms of     the disease not to develop; -   b) inhibiting the progression of the disease; -   c) slowing or arresting the development of clinical symptoms; and/or -   d) relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of     clinical symptoms.

“Subject” or “patient” refers to an animal, such as a mammal, that has been or will be the object of treatment, observation or experiment. The methods described herein may be useful in both human therapy and veterinary applications. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal; and in some embodiments the subject is human.

The term “disease” as used herein is intended to be generally synonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the terms “disorder” and “condition” (as in medical condition), in that all reflect an abnormal condition of the human or animal body or of one or more of its parts that impairs normal functioning, is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms, and causes the human or animal to have a reduced duration or quality of life.

Provided is a compound of Formula I

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof,         wherein     -   X is chosen from O and NR₁;     -   Y is chosen from (CR₂R₃)_(n) and C(O);     -   Z is chosen from CH₂, O, S, and NR₄;     -   R₁ and R₄ are independently chosen from hydrogen and lower         alkyl;     -   for each occurrence, R₂ and R₃ are independently chosen from         hydrogen, halo, and optionally substituted lower alkyl;     -   R₅ is chosen from hydrogen and halo; and     -   n is 1 or 2;     -   provided that the compound of Formula I is not chosen from:

-   (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(7-chloro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(7-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid;

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; and

-   (1S,2S)-2-[(2,2-difluoro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid.

In some embodiments, X is O.

In some embodiments, X is NR₁. In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁ is methyl.

In some embodiments, Y is (CR₂R₃)_(n).

In some embodiments, Y is (CR₂R₃)_(n) and n is 1. In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is lower alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is methyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is fluoro. In some embodiments, R₃ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₃ is lower alkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is methyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₃ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, Y is (CR₂R₃)_(n) and n is 2. In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₃ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Y is (CH₂CH(CH₃)).

In some embodiments, Y is C(O).

In some embodiments, Z is S.

In some embodiments, Z is O.

In some embodiments, Z is CH₂.

In some embodiments, Z is NR₄. In some embodiments, R₄ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₄ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R₅ is chosen from hydrogen and chloro. In some embodiments, R₅ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₅ is chloro.

Also provided is a compound chosen from

-   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; and -   (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(4-chloro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]oxazole-6-carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic     acid; -   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic     acid; and -   (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-1-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic     acid; or     -   a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

Methods for obtaining the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, suitable procedures being described, for example, in examples below, and in the references cited herein.

Provided is a method of inhibiting the catalytic activity of KMO, comprising contacting said KMO with an effective amount of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein.

Also provided is a method of treating a condition or disorder mediated by KMO activity in a subject in need of such a treatment, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein.

Also provided is a method of treating a neurodegenerative pathology mediated by KMO activity in a subject in need of such a treatment, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein.

Also provided is a method for treating disorders mediated by (or at least in part by) the presence 3-OH-KYN, QUIN and/or KYNA. Also provided is a method of treating a degenerative or inflammatory condition in which an increased synthesis in the brain of QUIN, 3-OH-KYN or increased release of GLU are involved and which may cause neuronal damage.

Such diseases include, for example, Huntington's disease and other polyglutamine disorders such as spinocerebellar ataxias neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric of neurological diseases or disorders, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, trauma-induced neurodegeneration, high-pressure neurological syndrome, dystonia, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, consequences of stroke, cerebral ischemia, ischemic disorders including stroke (focal ischemia), hypoxia, multi-infarct dementia, consequences of cerebral trauma or damage, damage to the spinal cord, Dementia such as senile dementia and AIDS-dementia complex, AIDS-induced encephalopathy, other infection related encephalopathy, viral or bacterial meningitis, infectious diseases caused by viral, bacterial and other parasites, for example, general central nervous system (CNS) infections such as viral, bacterial or parasites, for example, poliomyelitis, Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi infection) septic shock, and malaria, cancers, cancers with cerebral localization, hepatic encephalopathy, systemic lupus, analgesia and opiate withdrawal symptoms, feeding behavior, psychiatric disorders, such as insomnia, depression, schizophrenia, severe deficit in working memory, severe deficit in long term memory storage, decrease in cognition, severe deficit in attention, severe deficit in executive functioning, sloweness in information processing, slowness in neural activity, anxiety, generalized anxiety disorders, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorders, social phobia, performance anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress reaction, adjustment reaction, separation anxiety disorder, alcohol withdrawal anxiety, depressive disorders, disorders of the developing or aged brain, diabetes, and complications thereof, Tourette's syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, disorders that cause severe and pervasive impairment in thinking feeling, language and the ability to relate to others, mood disorders, psychological disorders characterized by abnormalities of emotional state, such as without limitation, bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, major depression, ondougenous depression, involutional depression, reactive depression, psychotic depression, depression caused by underlying medical conditions, depressive disorders, cyclothymic disorders, dysthymic disorders, mood disorders due to general medical condition, mood disorders not otherwise specified and substance-induced mood disorders. Such disease also include, for example, Acute necrotizing Pancreatitis, AIDS (disease), Analgesia, Aseptic meningitis, Brain disease, for example, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, pervasive developmental disorders, aging-related Brain disease, and developmental Brain disease, burnout syndrome, carbon monoxide poisoning, cardiac arrest or insufficiency and hemorrhagic shock (global brain ischemia), cataract formation and aging of the eye, Central nervous system disease, Cerebrovascular disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, Chronic Stress, Cognitive disorders, convulsive Disorders, such as variants of Grand mal and petit mal epilepsy and Partial Complex Epilepsy, Diabetes mellitus, Disease of the nervous system (e.g., dyskinesia, L-DOPA induced movement disorders, drug addiction, pain and cataract), Drug dependence, Drug withdrawal, feeding disorders, Guillain Barr Syndrome and other neurophaties, Hepatic encephalopathy, Immune disease, immunitary disorders and therapeutic treatment aimed at modifying biological responses (for instance administrations of interferons or interleukins), Inflammation (systemic inflammatory response syndrome), inflammatory disorders of the central and/or peripheral nervous system, Injury (trauma, polytrauma), Mental and behavioral disorders, Metabolic disease, pain disease, or disorder selected from a group of inflammatory pain, neurophathic pain or migraine, allodynia, hyperalgesis pain, phantom pain, neurophatic pain related to diabetic neuropathy, Multiple organ failure, near drowning, Necrosis, neoplasms of the brain, neoplastic disorders including lymphomas and other malignant blood disorders, Nervous system disease (high-pressure neurol. Syndrome, infection), nicotine addiction and other addictive disorders including alcoholism, cannabis, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, morphine and cocaine dependence, change in appetite, sleep disorders, changes in sleep patern, lack of energy, fatigue, low self steem, self-reproach inappropriate guilt, frequent thoughts of death or suicide, plans or attemps to commit suicide, feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness, psychomotor agitation or retardation, diminished capacity for thinking, concentration, or decisiveness, as a Neuroprotective agents, Pain, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Sepsis, Spinal cord disease, Spinocerebellar ataxia, Systemic lupus erythematosis, traumatic damage to the brain and spinal cord, and tremor syndromes and different movement disorders (diskynesia). Poor balance, brakykinesia, rigidity, tremor, change in speech, loss of facial expression, micrographia, difficulty swallowing, drooling, dementia, confussion, fear, sexual disfunction, language impairment, impairment in decision making, violent outbursts, aggression, hallucination, apathy, impairment in abstract thinking.

Such diseases include, for example, cardiovascular diseases, which refers to diseases and disorders of the heart and circulatory system. These diseases are often associated with dyslipoproteinemias and/or dyslipidemias. Cardiovascular diseases include but are not limited to cardiomegaly, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, hypertension and hypotension.

Other such diseases include hyperproliferative diseases of benign or malignant behaviour, in which cells of various tissues and organs exhibit aberrant patterns of growth, proliferation, migration, signaling, senescence, and death. Generally hyperpoliferative disease refers to diseases and disorders associated with, the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, including but not limited to uncontrolled growth of organ and tissue cells resulting in cancers and benign tumors. Hyperproliferative disorders associated with endothelial cells can result in diseases of angiogenesis such as angiomas, endometriosis, obesity, Age-related Macular Degeneration and various retinopaties, as well as the proliferation of ECs and smooth muscle cells that cause restenosis as a consequence of stenting in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Hyperproliferative disorders involving fibroblasts (i.e., fibrogenesis) include but are not limited to disorders of excessive scaring (i.e., fibrosis) such as Age-related Macular Degeneration, cardiac remodeling and failure associated with myocardial infarction, excessive wound healing such as commonly occurs as a consequence of surgery or injury, keloids, and fibroid tumors and stenting.

Additional diseases include transplant rejection (suppression of T-cells) and graft vs host disease, chronic kidney disease, systemic inflammatory disorders, brain inflammatory disorders including malaria and African trypanosomiasis, stroke, and pneumococcal meningitis.

Also provided are methods of treatment in which at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein is the only active agent given to the subject and also includes methods of treatment in which at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein is given to the subject in combination with one or more additional active agents.

In general, at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein will be administered in a therapeutically effective amount by any of the accepted modes of administration for agents that serve similar utilities. The actual amount of the compound, i.e., the active ingredient, will depend upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound used, the route and form of administration, and other factors well know to the skilled artisan. The drug can be administered at least once a day, such as once or twice a day.

In some embodiments, at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein is administered as a pharmaceutical composition. Accordingly, provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle chosen from carriers, adjuvants, and excipients.

Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles must be of sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to render them suitable for administration to the animal being treated. The vehicle can be inert or it can possess pharmaceutical benefits. The amount of vehicle employed in conjunction with the one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein is sufficient to provide a practical quantity of material for administration per unit dose of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein.

Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or components thereof are sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and methyl cellulose; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; solid lubricants, such as stearic acid and magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate; synthetic oils; vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, and corn oil; polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; alginic acid; phosphate buffer solutions; emulsifiers, such as the TWEENS; wetting agents, such sodium lauryl sulfate; coloring agents; flavoring agents; tableting agents; stabilizers; antioxidants; preservatives; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; and phosphate buffer solutions.

Optional active agents may be included in a pharmaceutical composition, which do not substantially interfere with the activity of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein.

Effective concentrations of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein described herein are mixed with a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. In instances in which the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein exhibits insufficient solubility, methods for solubilizing compounds may be used. Such methods are known to those of skill in this art, and include, but are not limited to, using cosolvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), using surfactants, such as TWEEN, or dissolution in aqueous sodium bicarbonate.

Upon mixing or addition of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, the resulting mixture may be a solution, suspension, emulsion or the like. The form of the resulting mixture depends upon a number of factors, including the intended mode of administration and the solubility of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein in the chosen vehicle. The effective concentration sufficient for ameliorating the symptoms of the disease treated may be empirically determined.

The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, intravenously, by intramuscular injection, by inhalation or spray, sublingually, transdermally, via buccal administration, rectally, as an ophthalmic solution, or by other means, in dosage unit formulations.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated for oral use, such as for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs. Pharmaceutical compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents, such as sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. In some embodiments, oral pharmaceutical compositions contain from 0.1 to 99% of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein. In some embodiments, oral pharmaceutical compositions contain at least 5% (weight %) of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein. Some embodiments contain from 25% to 50% or from 5% to 75% of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein.

Orally administered pharmaceutical compositions also include liquid solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, syrups, and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers suitable for preparation of such compositions are well known in the art. Oral pharmaceutical compositions may contain preservatives, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin, taste-masking agents, and coloring agents.

Typical components of carriers for syrups, elixirs, emulsions and suspensions include ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, liquid sucrose, sorbitol and water. Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such pharmaceutical compositions may also contain a demulcent.

The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein can be incorporated into oral liquid preparations such as aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, for example. Moreover, pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein can be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations can contain conventional additives, such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose/sugar, syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminum stearate gel, and hydrogenated edible fats), emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin, sorbitan monsoleate, or acacia), non-aqueous vehicles, which can include edible oils (e.g., almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, silyl esters, propylene glycol and ethyl alcohol), and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate and sorbic acid).

For a suspension, typical suspending agents include methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, AVICEL RC-591, tragacanth and sodium alginate; typical wetting agents include lecithin and polysorbate 80; and typical preservatives include methyl paraben and sodium benzoate.

Aqueous suspensions contain the active material(s) in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents; may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol substitute, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan substitute. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate.

Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example peanut oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These pharmaceutical compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Pharmaceutical compositions may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or peanut oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monoleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate.

Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above.

Tablets typically comprise conventional pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants as inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, mannitol, lactose and cellulose; binders such as starch, gelatin and sucrose; disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid and croscarmelose; lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid and talc. Glidants such as silicon dioxide can be used to improve flow characteristics of the powder mixture. Coloring agents, such as the FD&C dyes, can be added for appearance. Sweeteners and flavoring agents, such as aspartame, saccharin, menthol, peppermint, and fruit flavors, can be useful adjuvants for chewable tablets. Capsules (including time release and sustained release formulations) typically comprise one or more solid diluents disclosed above. The selection of carrier components often depends on secondary considerations like taste, cost, and shelf stability.

Such pharmaceutical compositions may also be coated by conventional methods, typically with pH or time-dependent coatings, such that the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein is released in the gastrointestinal tract in the vicinity of the desired topical application, or at various times to extend the desired action. Such dosage forms typically include, but are not limited to, one or more of cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, ethyl cellulose, Eudragit coatings, waxes and shellac.

Pharmaceutical compositions for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents that have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable vehicle, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid can be useful in the preparation of injectables.

The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein may be administered parenterally in a sterile medium. Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal injection or infusion techniques. The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. Advantageously, adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle. In many pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration the carrier comprises at least 90% by weight of the total composition. In some embodiments, the carrier for parenteral administration is chosen from propylene glycol, ethyl oleate, pyrrolidone, ethanol, and sesame oil.

The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.

The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein may be formulated for local or topical application, such as for topical application to the skin and mucous membranes, such as in the eye, in the form of gels, creams, and lotions and for application to the eye. Topical pharmaceutical compositions may be in any form including, for example, solutions, creams, ointments, gels, lotions, milks, cleansers, moisturizers, sprays, skin patches, and the like.

Such solutions may be formulated as 0.01%-10% isotonic solutions, pH 5-7, with appropriate salts. The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein may also be formulated for transdermal administration as a transdermal patch.

Topical pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein can be admixed with a variety of carrier materials well known in the art, such as, for example, water, alcohols, aloe vera gel, allantoin, glycerine, vitamin A and E oils, mineral oil, propylene glycol, PPG-2 myristyl propionate, and the like.

Other materials suitable for use in topical carriers include, for example, emollients, solvents, humectants, thickeners and powders. Examples of each of these types of materials, which can be used singly or as mixtures of one or more materials, are as follows:

Representative emollients include stearyl alcohol, glyceryl monoricinoleate, glyceryl monostearate, propane-1,2-diol, butane-1,3-diol, mink oil, cetyl alcohol, iso-propyl isostearate, stearic acid, iso-butyl palmitate, isocetyl stearate, oleyl alcohol, isopropyl laurate, hexyl laurate, decyl oleate, octadecan-2-ol, isocetyl alcohol, cetyl palmitate, dimethylpolysiloxane, di-n-butyl sebacate, iso-propyl myristate, iso-propyl palmitate, iso-propyl stearate, butyl stearate, polyethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, lanolin, sesame oil, coconut oil, arachis oil, castor oil, acetylated lanolin alcohols, petroleum, mineral oil, butyl myristate, isostearic acid, palmitic acid, isopropyl linoleate, lauryl lactate, myristyl lactate, decyl oleate, and myristyl myristate; propellants, such as propane, butane, iso-butane, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide; solvents, such as ethyl alcohol, methylene chloride, iso-propanol, castor oil, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, dimethyl sulphoxide, dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran; humectants, such as glycerin, sorbitol, sodium 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate, soluble collagen, dibutyl phthalate, and gelatin; and powders, such as chalk, talc, fullers earth, kaolin, starch, gums, colloidal silicon dioxide, sodium polyacrylate, tetra alkyl ammonium smectites, trialkyl aryl ammonium smectites, chemically modified magnesium aluminium silicate, organically modified montmorillonite clay, hydrated aluminium silicate, fumed silica, carboxyvinyl polymer, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and ethylene glycol monostearate.

The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein may also be topically administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.

Other pharmaceutical compositions useful for attaining systemic delivery of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein include sublingual, buccal and nasal dosage forms. Such pharmaceutical compositions typically comprise one or more of soluble filler substances such as sucrose, sorbitol and mannitol, and binders such as acacia, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Glidants, lubricants, sweeteners, colorants, antioxidants and flavoring agents disclosed above may also be included.

Pharmaceutical compositions for inhalation typically can be provided in the form of a solution, suspension or emulsion that can be administered as a dry powder or in the form of an aerosol using a conventional propellant (e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane or trichlorofluoromethane).

The pharmaceutical compositions may also optionally comprise an activity enhancer. The activity enhancer can be chosen from a wide variety of molecules that function in different ways to enhance or be independent of therapeutic effects of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein. Particular classes of activity enhancers include skin penetration enhancers and absorption enhancers.

Pharmaceutical compositions may also contain additional active agents that can be chosen from a wide variety of molecules, which can function in different ways to enhance the therapeutic effects of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein. These optional other active agents, when present, are typically employed in the pharmaceutical compositions at a level ranging from 0.01% to 15%. Some embodiments contain from 0.1% to 10% by weight of the composition. Other embodiments contain from 0.5% to 5% by weight of the composition.

Also provided are packaged pharmaceutical compositions. Such packaged compositions include a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and instructions for using the composition to treat a subject (typically a human patient). In some embodiments, the instructions are for using the pharmaceutical composition to treat a subject suffering a condition or disorder mediated by Kynurenine 3-mono-oxygenase activity. The packaged pharmaceutical composition can include providing prescribing information; for example, to a patient or health care provider, or as a label in a packaged pharmaceutical composition. Prescribing information may include for example efficacy, dosage and administration, contraindication and adverse reaction information pertaining to the pharmaceutical composition.

In all of the foregoing the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein can be administered alone, as mixtures, or in combination with other active agents.

The methods described herein include methods for treating Huntington's disease, including treating memory and/or cognitive impairment associated with Huntington's disease, comprising administering to a subject, simultaneously or sequentially, at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein and one or more additional agents used in the treatment of Huntington's disease such as, but not limited to, Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Despiramine, Nortriptyline, Paroxetine, Fluoxetine, Setraline, Terabenazine, Haloperidol, Chloropromazine, Thioridazine, Sulpride, Quetiapine, Clozapine, and Risperidone. In methods using simultaneous administration, the agents can be present in a combined composition or can be administered separately. As a result, also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein and one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of Huntington's disease such as, but not limited to, Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Despiramine, Nortriptyline, Paroxetine, Fluoxetine, Setraline, Terabenazine, Haloperidol, Chloropromazine, Thioridazine, Sulpride, Quetiapine, Clozapine, and Risperidone. Similarly, also provided arepackaged pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and another composition comprising one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of Huntington's disease such as, but not limited to, Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Despiramine, Nortriptyline, Paroxetine, Fluoxetine, Setraline, Terabenazine, Haloperidol, Chloropromazine, Thioridazine, Sulpride, Quetiapine, Clozapine, and Risperidone.

Also provided are methods for treating Parkinson's disease, including treating memory and/or cognitive impairment associated with Parkinson's disease, comprising administering to a subject, simultaneously or sequentially, at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein and one or more additional agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease such as, but not limited to, Levodopa, Parlodel, Permax, Mirapex, Tasmar, Contan, Kemadin, Artane, and Cogentin. In methods using simultaneous administration, the agents can be present in a combined composition or can be administered separately. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, such as, but not limited to, Levodopa, Parlodel, Permax, Mirapex, Tasmar, Contan, Kemadin, Artane, and Cogentin. Also provided are packaged pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and another composition comprising one or more additional pharmaceutical agents gent used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease such as, but not limited to, Levodopa, Parlodel, Permax, Mirapex, Tasmar, Contan, Kemadin, Artane, and Cogentin.

Also provided are methods for treating memory and/or cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease, comprising administering to a subject, simultaneously or sequentially, at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein and one or more additional agents used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease such as, but not limited to, Reminyl, Cognex, Aricept, Exelon, Akatinol, Neotropin, Eldepryl, Estrogen and Cliquinol. In methods using simultaneous administration, the agents can be present in a combined composition or can be administered separately. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease such as, but not limited to, Reminyl, Cognex, Aricept, Exelon, Akatinol, Neotropin, Eldepryl, Estrogen and Cliquinol. Similarly, also provided are packaged pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and another composition comprising one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease such as, but not limited to Reminyl, Cognex, Aricept, Exelon, Akatinol, Neotropin, Eldepryl, Estrogen and Cliquinol.

Also provided are methods for treating memory and/or cognitive impairment associated with dementia or cognitive impairment comprising administering to a subject, simultaneously or sequentially, at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein and one or more additional agents used in the treatment of dementia such as, but not limited to, Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Risperidone, Cognex, Aricept, and Exelon. In methods using simultaneous administration, the agents can be present in a combined composition or can be administered separately. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of dementia such as, but not limited to, Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Risperidone, Cognex, Aricept, and Exelon. Also provided are packaged pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and another composition comprising one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of dementia such as, but not limited to, Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Risperidone, Cognex, Aricept, and Exelon.

Also provided are methods for treating memory and/or cognitive impairment associated with epilepsy comprising administering to a subject, simultaneously or sequentially, at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein and one or more additional agents used in the treatment of epilepsy such as, but not limited to, Dilantin, Luminol, Tegretol, Depakote, Depakene, Zarontin, Neurontin, Barbita, Solfeton, and Felbatol. In methods using simultaneous administration, the agents can be present in a combined composition or can be administered separately. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of epilepsy such as, but not limited to, Dilantin, Luminol, Tegretol, Depakote, Depakene, Zarontin, Neurontin, Barbita, Solfeton, and Felbatol. Also provided are packaged pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and another composition comprising one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of epilepsy such as, but not limited to, Dilantin, Luminol, Tegretol, Depakote, Depakene, Zarontin, Neurontin, Barbita, Solfeton, and Felbatol.

Also provided are methods for treating memory and/or cognitive impairment associated with multiple sclerosis comprising administering to a subject, simultaneously or sequentially, at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein and one or more additional agents used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis such as, but not limited to, Detrol, Ditropan XL, OxyContin, Betaseron, Avonex, Azothioprine, Methotrexate, and Copaxone. In methods using simultaneous administration, the agents can be present in a combined composition or can be administered separately. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis such as, but not limited to, Detrol, Ditropan XL, OxyContin, Betaseron, Avonex, Azothioprine, Methotrexate, and Copaxone. Also provided are packaged pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, and another composition comprising one or more additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis such as, but not limited to, Detrol, Ditropan XL, OxyContin, Betaseron, Avonex, Azothioprine, Methotrexate, and Copaxone.

When used in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agent or agents, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein may be administered prior to, concurrently with, or following administration of the additional pharmaceutical agent or agents.

The dosages of the compounds described herein depend upon a variety of factors including the particular syndrome to be treated, the severity of the symptoms, the route of administration, the frequency of the dosage interval, the particular compound utilized, the efficacy, toxicology profile, pharmacokinetic profile of the compound, and the presence of any deleterious side-effects, among other considerations.

The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein are typically administered at dosage levels and in a manner customary for KMO inhibitors. For example, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein can be administered, in single or multiple doses, by oral administration at a dosage level of generally 0.001-100 mg/kg/day, for example, 0.01-100 mg/kg/day, such as 0.1-70 mg/kg/day, for example, 0.5-10 mg/kg/day. Unit dosage forms can contain generally 0.01-1000 mg of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein, for example, 0.1-50 mg of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein. For intravenous administration, the at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein can be administered, in single or multiple dosages, at a dosage level of, for example, 0.001-50 mg/kg/day, such as 0.001-10 mg/kg/day, for example, 0.01-1 mg/kg/day. Unit dosage forms can contain, for example, 0.1-10 mg of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein.

A labeled form of a compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein can be used as a diagnostic for identifying and/or obtaining compounds that have the function of modulating an activity of KMO as described herein. The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein may additionally be used for validating, optimizing, and standardizing bioassays.

By “labeled” herein is meant that the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, described herein is either directly or indirectly labeled with a label which provides a detectable signal, e.g., radioisotope, fluorescent tag, enzyme, antibodies, particles such as magnetic particles, chemiluminescent tag, or specific binding molecules, etc. Specific binding molecules include pairs, such as biotin and streptavidin, digoxin and antidigoxin etc. For the specific binding members, the complementary member would normally be labeled with a molecule which provides for detection, in accordance with known procedures, as outlined above. The label can directly or indirectly provide a detectable signal.

In carrying out the procedures of the methods described herein, it is of course to be understood that reference to particular buffers, media, reagents, cells, culture conditions and the like are not intended to be limiting, but are to be read so as to include all related materials that one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize as being of interest or value in the particular context in which that discussion is presented. For example, it is often possible to substitute one buffer system or culture medium for another and still achieve similar, if not identical, results. Those of skill in the art will have sufficient knowledge of such systems and methodologies so as to be able, without undue experimentation, to make such substitutions as will optimally serve their purposes in using the methods and procedures disclosed herein.

EXAMPLES

The compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof, described herein, compositions, and methods described herein are further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

As used herein, the following abbreviations have the following meanings. If an abbreviation is not defined, it has its generally accepted meaning.

-   -   CDI=carbonyldiimidazole     -   DCM=dichloromethane     -   DME=dimethyl ether     -   DMEM=Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium     -   DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide     -   DMSO=dimethylsulfoxide     -   EDC.HCl=1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide         hydrochloride     -   EtOH=ethanol     -   Et₂O=diethylether     -   EtOAc=ethyl acetate     -   g=gram     -   hr=hour     -   hrs=hours     -   HOBt=1-Hydroxybenzotriazol     -   LiHMDS=lithium hexamethyl-disilazide     -   LC/MS=liquid chomatography/mass spectrometry     -   mg=milligram     -   min=minutes     -   mL=milliliter     -   mmol=millimoles     -   mM=millimolar     -   ng=nanogram     -   nm=nanometer     -   nM=nanomolar     -   PBS=phosphate buffered saline     -   rt=room temperature     -   TBME=t-butyl methyl ether     -   THF=tetrahydrofuran     -   TMOF=trimethylorthoformate     -   μL=microliter     -   μM=micromolar     -   1 g/1 ml=1 vol

Experimental

Commercially available reagents and solvents (HPLC grade) were used without further purification.

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was performed with Kieselgel 60 F₂₅₄ (Merck) plates and visualized using UV light. Microwave reactions were carried out using CEM focussed microwaves.

¹H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DRX 500 MHz spectrometer or Bruker DPX 250 MHz spectrometer in deuterated solvents.

Analytical HPLC-MS was performed on Agilent HP1100 and Shimadzu 2010, systems using reverse phase Atlantis dC18 columns (5 μm, 2.1×50 mm), gradient 5-100% B (A=water/0.1% formic acid, B=acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid) over 2 or 3.5 minutes, injection volume 31, flow=1.0 ml/min. UV spectra were recorded at 215 nm using a Waters 2487 dual wavelength UV detector or the Shimadzu 2010 system. Mass spectra were obtained over the range m/z 150 to 850 at a sampling rate of 2 scans per second using Waters ZMD and over m/z 100 to 1000 at a sampling rate of 2 Hz using Electrospray ionisation, by a Shimadzu 2010 LC-MS system, or analytical HPLC-MS was performed on Agilent HP1100 and Shimadzu 2010, systems using reverse phase Water Atlantis dC18 columns (3 μm, 2.1×100 mm), gradient 5-100% B (A=water/0.1% formic acid, B=acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid) over 7 min, injection volume 3 μl, flow=0.6 ml/min. UV spectra were recorded at 215 nm using a Waters 2996 photo diode array or on the Shimadzu 2010 system. Mass spectra were obtained over the range m/z 150 to 850 at a sampling rate of 2 scans per second using Waters ZQ and over m/z 100 to 1000 at a sampling rate of 2 Hz using Electrospray ionisation, by a Shimadzu 2010 LC-MS system. Data were integrated and reported using OpenLynx and OpenLynx Browser software or via Shimadzu PsiPort software.

Method 1 Scheme for Method 1: (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

Step 1, Method 1: 2-Chloro-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol

Sodium periodate (8.9 g, 41.5 mmol) was added portion wise to a stirred solution of 2-chloro-6-(prop-2-en-1-yl)phenol (3.72 g, 20.7 mmol) in THF (100 mL) and water (100 mL) at 0° C. After 5 minutes, osmium tetroxide (0.1 g, 0.41 mmol) was added and stirring continued for 1.5 hours. After this time, the mixture was poured into ice and brine (100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was dissolved in methanol (100 mL) and cooled to 0° C. before being treated with sodium tetrahydroborate (1.57 g, 41.5 mmol) in small portions over 30 minutes. After this time, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The resulting mixture was concentrated, treated with aqueous 1M hydrochloric acid (80 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography (elution; 0-40% ethyl acetate in heptanes) to give the title compound (1.41 g, 36% yield) as a yellow oil. δ_(H) (250 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.23 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J=7.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H).

Step 2, Method 1: 7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran

Diisopropyldiazene-1,2-dicarboxylate (1.97 ml, 9.9 mmol) was added portionwise to a stirred, cooled (0° C.) solution of 2-chloro-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol (1.4 g, 7.7 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (2.62 g, 9.9 mmol) in anhydrous THF (25 ml) and the reaction mixture was stirred a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 hours. After this time the reaction mixture was concentrated and the resulting residue purified by Biotage (Isolera snap 50 g cartridge, eluting with 0-20% EtOAc in Heptanes) to give the title compound (1.46 g, 92% yield) as an orange oil. δ_(H) (250 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.16-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.71 (m, 1H), 4.67 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H).

Step 3, Method 1: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(carbonochloridoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (0.39 g, 2.43 mmol) in DCE (2 mL) was added portionwise to a cooled (0° C.), stirred solution of aluminium trichloride (0.65 g, 4.85 mmol) in DCE (4 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. 7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran (0.5 g, 2.43 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for a further 1 hour. After this time, the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature before being stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. before being added portionwise to a mixture of concentrated HCl (4 mL) and ice (20 g). The resulting mixture was then extracted with DCM (3×50 mL), the combined organic extracts were washed with brine (30 mL), before being dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified using a Biotage Isolera, (Snap 50 g cartridge, eluting in 0-35% EtOAc in Heptanes) to give the title compound (0.14 g, 21% yield) as a white solid. δ_(H) (250 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.88 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (t, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.35 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (ddd, J=8.6, 5.9, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (ddd, J=8.6, 6.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.58 (ddt, J=12.0, 5.9, 2.9 Hz, 2H). Tr=2.08 min m/z (ES⁺) (M+H⁺) 281.

Step 4, Method 1: (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

2M NaOH (0.25 mL, 0.5 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-[(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (0.07 g, 0.25 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. After this time the reaction mixture was acidified with 1M HCl, and the resulting suspension was extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), before being dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was part-dissolved in TBME (2 mL), sonicated and the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the title compound (0.04 g, 54% yield) as a white powder.

Example 1 Method 1: (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 4.79 (t, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 3.36 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (ddd, J=9.4, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (ddd, J=9.3, 5.7, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.70-1.60 (m, 2H). Tr=2.61 min (7 minute method, low pH) m/z (ES+) (M+H+) 267.

Example 2 Method 1: (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.96-7.83 (m, 2H), 6.84 (d, J=8.78 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (t, J=8.78 Hz, 2H), 3.27 (t, J=8.76 Hz, 2H), 3.18 (ddd, J=3.84, 5.89, 9.44 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (ddd, J=3.83, 5.65, 9.20 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (ddd, J=3.50, 5.90, 9.02 Hz, 1H), 1.59 (ddd, J=3.51, 5.66, 8.96 Hz, 1H). Tr=2.21 min, m/z (ES+) (M+H+) 233.

TABLE 1 % Molecular LCMS Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name Weight Data at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro- 2,3-dihydro-1- benzofuran-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 266.677 Tr = 2.61 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 267/269 100.3

(1S,2S)-2-(2,3- dihydro-1-benzofuran- 5- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 232.232 Tr = 2.21 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 233 98.7

Method 2 Scheme for Method 2: (1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

Step 1, Method 2: 1-Chloro-2-(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)benzene

Sodium hydride (60%, 5.6 g, 140.02 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous DMF (80 mL) in an ice-bath before 2-chlorophenol (11.9 mL, 116.7 mmol) as a solution DMF (20 mL) was added dropwise over 30 minutes. Once the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 45 minutes. After this time 3-bromoprop-1-ene (12.12 mL, 140.0 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirring was continued for a further 15 hours. After this time, aqueous saturated ammonium chloride (50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL) dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated, The resulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with water (3×200 mL) and brine solution (50 mL). The organics were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound (17.5 g, 89% yield) as an orange oil which was taken on directly without further purification.

Step 2, Method 2: 2-Chloro-6-(prop-2-en-1-yl)phenol

A solution of 1-chloro-2-(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)benzene (17.5 g, 93.4 mmol) in mesitylene (150 mL) was heated under nitrogen for 48 h at 190° C. with stirring. After this time, the reaction was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified Biotage (Snap Isolera 340 g, eluting with 100% heptanes). The purified material was treated with 2M NaOH (6 mL), diluted water (50 mL) and the starting material was extracted with TBME (100 mL). The basic aqueous layer was acidified with 6M HCl (6 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with TBME (2×100 mL), the organic extracts were combined, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound (6.5 g, 41% yield) as a brown oil. δ_(H) (250 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 6.08-5.82 (m, 1H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 5.15 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.12-5.05 (m, 1H), 3.40 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H).

Step 3, Method 2: 2-Chloro-6-(3-hydroxypropyl)phenol

2-Chloro-6-(prop-2-en-1-yl)phenol (1.37 g, 0.01 mol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) at room temperature was treated dropwise with 1M borane-tetrahydrofuran (1:1 solution, 7.3 mL) and stirring was continued for 15 hours. After this time, water (0.13 mL) was added carefully over 5 minutes, before 2M NaOH (1.68 mL) was added dropwise over 15 minutes. Hydrogen peroxide (0.2 mL, 0.01 mol) was then added dropwise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for a further 1.5 hours. After this time, the mixture was treated with water (20 mL) and then partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and water (50 mL). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL), the combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), before being dried (MgSO₄) filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography (elution: 0-80% EtOAc, in heptanes) to give the title compound (0.69 g, 43% yield) as a pale orange oil which was used directly.

Step 4, Method 2: 8-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran

Diisopropyldiazene-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.64 ml, 3 mmol) was added portionwise to a stirred, cooled (0° C.) solution of 2-chloro-6-(3-hydroxypropyl)phenol (0.49 g, 2.0 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.85 g, 3.0 mmol) in anhydrous THF (15 ml) and the reaction mixture was stirred a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 hours. After this time the reaction mixture was concentrated and the resulting residue purified by Biotage (Isolera snap 50 g cartridge, eluting with 0-20% EtOAc in Heptanes) to give the title compound (0.36 g, 83% yield) as a pale pink oil. δ_(H) (250 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.17 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.98-6.88 (m, 1H), 6.76 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.35-4.25 (m, 2H), 2.81 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.11-1.93 (m, 2H).

Step 5, Method 2: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(carbonochloridoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (0.19 g, 1.19 mmol) in DCE (2 mL) was added portionwise to a cooled (0° C.), stirred solution of aluminium trichloride (0.32 g, 2.37 mmol) in DCE (4 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. 8-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran (0.2 g, 1.19 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for a further 1 hour. After this time, the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature before being stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. before being added portionwise to a mixture of concentrated HCl (4 mL) and ice (20 g). The resulting mixture was then extracted with DCM (3×50 mL), the combined organic extracts were washed with brine (30 mL), before being dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified using a Biotage Isolera, (Snap 50 g cartridge, eluting in 0-45% EtOAc in Heptanes) to give the title compound (0.15 g, 43% yield) as a pale yellow oil. δ_(H) (250 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.88 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.62 (m, 1H), 4.43-4.31 (m, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.08 (ddd, J=8.5, 5.9, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (ddd, J=8.5, 6.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.16-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.58 (tdd, J=7.6, 5.9, 3.4 Hz, 2H). Tr=2.00 min m/z (ES+) (M+H⁺) 295.

Step 6, Method 2: (1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

2M NaOH (0.6 mL, 1.02 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-[(8-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)carbonyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (0.15 g, 0.51 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. After this time the reaction mixture was acidified with 1M HCl, and the resulting suspension was extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), before being dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was part-dissolved in TBME (2 mL), sonicated and the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the title compound (0.01 g, 10% yield) as a white powder.

Example 1 Method 2: (1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 12.63 (s, 1H), 7.95-7.79 (m, 2H), 4.45-4.23 (m, 2H), 3.23-3.16 (m, 1H), 2.87 (t, J=6.35 Hz, 2H), 2.06 (ddd, J=3.86, 5.82, 9.44 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (p, J=6.20 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (ddd, J=3.25, 5.85, 8.81 Hz, 1H), 1.40 (ddd, J=3.26, 5.58, 8.70 Hz, 1H). Tr=2.81 min (7 minute method, low pH) m/z (ES+) (M+H+) 281, 283.

TABLE 2 % Molecular LCMS Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name Weight Data at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro- 3,4-dihydro-2H-1- benzopyran-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 280.05 Tr = 2.81 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 281/283 100.3

Method 3 Scheme for Method 3: (1S,2S)-2-(4-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

Step 1, Method 3: 2-Amino-5-bromo-3-chlorophenol

Bromine (1.08 ml, 20.9 mmol) was added dropwise to an ice-cooled solution of 2-amino-3-chlorophenol (2.00 g, 13.9 mmol) in DCM (100 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h after addition was complete, then filtered. Collected grey solid was washed with DCM (4×10 ml) and dried under suction to afford the crude product as a grey-black powder. The powder was partitioned between sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 ml) and DCM (50 ml). The layers were separated and the aqueous extracted with DCM (3×50 ml). Combined DCM extracts were washed with water (25 ml) and brine (25 ml), then dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a dark red-brown powder (1.7 g, 27% at ca. 50% NMR purity). δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.13 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=2.16 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=2.17 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (s, 2H). Tr=1.74 min 67% m/z 222, 224, 226 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2, Method 3: 6-Bromo-4-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one

2-Amino-5-bromo-3-chlorophenol (1.55 g, 3.5 mmol) was dissolved in THF (20 ml). CDI (2.73 g, 16.9 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 65° C. After 2 h the reaction was cooled to rt and concentrated to give an orange solid. The residue was redissolved in EtOAc (100 mL) and the organic phase was washed with water (50 mL), 2M HCl (3×50 mL), water (100 mL) and brine (20 mL) and dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration afforded the title compound (1.7 g, 97% yield) as a red-brown powder. δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 12.28 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=1.60 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=1.61 Hz, 1H). Tr (3 min)=1.87 min m/z (ES−) 246, 248 (M−H)⁻.

Intermediate 2 Step 2, Method 3: (5-Bromo-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one)

δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 12.01 (br. s., 1 H) 7.44 (d, J=1.73 Hz, 1 H) 7.26 (d, J=1.73 Hz, 1 H). Tr (3 min)=1.87 min m/z (ES−) 246, 248 (M−H)⁻.

Step 3, Method 3: 6-Bromo-4-chloro-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one

6-Bromo-4-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one (1.26 g, 3.1 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (20 mL) and the reaction was cooled in an ice bath. Sodium hydride (60% in oil, 0.31 g, 7.7 mmol) was added portionwise and the reaction was stirred in the ice bath for 1 h. Methyl iodide (0.4 ml, 6.5 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at rt for 2 hours. The reaction was cooled in an ice-water bath. Water (30 mL) was added cautiously followed by EtOAc (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer re-extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (4×30 mL) and brine (2×30 mL) and dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration gave the title compound (1.3 g, 75% yield) as a brown powder. δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 7.68 (d, J=1.71 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=1.74 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 2 Step 3, Method 3: (5-bromo-7-chloro-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one)

δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.30 (d, J=1.73 Hz, 1 H) 7.03 (d, J=1.73 Hz, 1 H) 3.41 (s, 3 H); Tr (3 min)=1.97 min m/z (ES⁺) No ionisation.

Step 4, Method 3: 4-Chloro-3-methyl-6-(trimethylstannyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one

6-Bromo-4-chloro-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one (0.65 g, 1.19 mmol) and lithium chloride (55 mg, 1.31 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous dioxane (25 ml) and deoxygenated with nitrogen for 1 min. Hexamethyldistannane (246 μl, 1.19 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄(137 mg, 0.12 mmol), were added and the reaction was stirred at 100° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography (elution: 10% ethyl acetate, 90% heptanes) to give the title compound (210 mg, 44% yield) as a red-orange solid. δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.23-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.10 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 0.41-0.25 (m, 9H).

Intermediate 2 Step 4, Method 3: 7-Chloro-3-methyl-5-(trimethylstannyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one

δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.17 (s, 1H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 3.43 (s, 3H), 0.35 (s, 9H); Tr (3 min)=2.61 min m/z (ES⁺) 344, 346, 348.

Step 5, Method 3: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(4-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

4-Chloro-3-methyl-6-(trimethylstannyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one (210 mg, 0.52 mmol) and methyl (1S,2S)-2-(carbonochloridoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (85 mg, 0.52 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous toluene (5 ml) and de-oxygenated with a stream of nitrogen for 1 min. PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂(18 mg, 0.02 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 110° C. under nitrogen for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, concentrated and the resulting residue purified by flash column chromatography (elution: 25% ethyl acetate, 75% heptanes) to give the title compound (101 mg, 59% yield) as a light orange powder. δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.23-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.10 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 0.41-0.25 (m, 9H). Tr (3 min)=2.11 min m/z (ES+) (M+H⁺) 310, 312.

Intermediate 2 Step 5, Method 3: (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8.00 (d, J=1.53 Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.65 (m, 3H), 3.47-3.38 (m, 4H), 2.27 (ddd, J=8.6, 5.9, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.57 (ddd, J=8.9, 5.8, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.50 (ddd, J=8.7, 5.5, 3.5 Hz, 1H); Tr (3 min)=1.94 min m/z (ES+) (M+H⁺) 310, 312.

Steps 6 & 7, Method 3: (1S,2S)-2-[3-Chloro-5-hydroxy-4-(methylamino)benzoyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(4-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (80 mg, 0.25 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane (5 ml) and treated with 2M NaOH (0.5 ml, 1.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Further 2M NaOH (0.5 ml, 1.0 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 64 h. The reaction mixture was neutralised with 1M HCl and extracted with DCM (2×10 ml). The aqueous layer was adjusted to pH3 with 1M HCl and extracted with IPA-CHCl₃ (1:1; 2×10 ml). IPA-CHCl₃ extracts were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford a yellow oil. The aqueous was adjusted to pH7 with 2M NaOH and again extracted with IPA-CHCl₃ (1:1; 2×10 ml). IPA-CHCl₃ extracts were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was re-dissolved in THF (5 ml), CDI (73 mg, 0.46 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 65° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated to give a dark red solid. The crude product was purified by reverse phase acidic preparative HPLC (H₂O/MeCN/0.1% formic acid) to afford the title compound (24 mg, 54% yield) as a white powder.

Example 1 Method 3: (1S,2S)-2-(4-Chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO) 12.62 (br. s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=1.41 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=1.42 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.25 (part. obsc. m, 1H), 2.11 (ddd, J=3.87, 5.92, 9.55 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (ddd, J=3.29, 5.95, 8.93 Hz, 1H), 1.43 (ddd, J=3.31, 5.50, 8.70 Hz, 1H). Tr=2.40 min 97% m/z 296, 298 (M+H)⁺.

Example 2 Method 3: (1S,2S)-2-(7-Chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.73 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 3.50-3.41 (part. obsc. m, 4H), 2.19-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.47 (dt, J=36.9, 8.8 Hz, 2H). Tr=2.45 min 100% m/z (M+H) 296, 298.

TABLE 3 % Molecular LCMS Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name Weight Data at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(4-chloro-3- methyl-2-oxo-2,3- dihydro-1,3- benzoxazole-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylate acid 295.675 Tr = 2.40 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 296/298  93.5

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-3- methyl-2-oxo-2,3- dihydro-1,3- benzoxazole-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 295.675 Tr = 2.45 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 296/298 101.1

Method 4 (Modified Stannane Formation) Scheme for Method 4

Step 1, Method 4: 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yltrimethylstannane

n-Butyllithium (3.1 ml of a 1.6M solution in hexane, 4.98 mmol) was added dropwise under nitrogen to a stirred solution of 6-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine (1.00 g, 4.65 mmol) in dry THF (20 ml) at −78° C. After 45 min, trimethyltin chloride (5.0 ml of a 1.0M solution in THF, 5 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 min. After 20 min the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and left overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into brine (100 ml), extracted with ethyl acetate (3×80 ml) and the combined, dried (Na₂SO₄) organic extracts were evaporated in vacuo to give the title compound (1.363 g, 98%). as a colourless oil. δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 6.78 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (dd, J=7.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (s, 4H), 0.06 (s, 9H). Tr=2.42 min; no ionisation.

Intermediate 2 Step 1, Method 4: 2-Methyl-6-(trimethylstannyl)-1,3-benzothiazole

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 8.00-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.61-7.48 (m, 1H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 0.43-0.25 (m, 9H). Tr=2.47 min m/z (ES⁺) (M+H⁺) 314/316.

Intermediate 3 Step 1, Method 4: 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yltrimethylstannane

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.21 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.21-4.17 (m, 2H), 2.80 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.05-2.00 (m, 2H), 0.26 (s, 9H). Tr=2.59 min, 62% pure, compound doesn't ionise).

Step 2, Method 4: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

A mixture of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yltrimethylstannane (700 mg, 2.34 mmol), (1S,2S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (571 mg, 3.51 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂(82 mg, 0.12 mmol), and toluene (8 mL) was de-gassed by bubbling a stream of nitrogen through the mixture for 15 min, and then stirred at 110° C. for 2 h. The reaction was cooled, and then absorbed onto silica gel (Merck 9385, 8 mL). The resultant silica was purified on a Biotage machine (100 g cartridge of silica gel) eluting with ethyl acetate-heptane (5% EtOAc, 1 CV; 5% to 40% EtOAc 10 CV; 40% EtOAc, 2 CV), to give the desired product (373 mg, 58%) as pale yellow oil. δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.61-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.86 (m, 1H), 4.33 (ddd, J=20.0, 5.8, 2.6 Hz, 4H), 3.13 (ddd, J=9.4, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (ddd, J=9.5, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.59 (dddd, J=25.1, 9.1, 5.8, 3.4 Hz, 2H). Tr=1.86 min; 100% m/z (ES+) 263 (M+H⁺).

Intermediate 2 Step 2, Method 4: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(2-methyl-1,3-benzothiazole-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8.93 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (dd, J=8.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.46-3.36 (m, 1H), 2.86 (s, 3H), 2.26 (ddd, J=8.6, 5.9, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (dtd, J=11.0, 5.8, 2.9 Hz, 2H). Tr=1.88 min m/z (ES⁺) 276 (M+H)+.

Intermediate 3 Step 2, Method 4: 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yltrimethylstannane

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.80 (dd, J=8.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.23 (m, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.14 (ddd, J=8.8, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (ddd, J=8.7, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.09-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.58 (dddd, J=27.0, 9.0, 5.8, 3.4 Hz, 2H). Tr=1.90 min m/z (ES+) 261 (M+H)+.

Step 3, Method 4: (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

A solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (347 mg, 1.32 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (8 ml) was treated with aqueous 2M sodium hydroxide (595 μl, 1.19 mmol) at room temperature, and stirred for 22 h under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo, treated with water (25 ml), extracted with ether (3×30 ml), and the ethereal extracts were discarded. The aqueous phase was filtered through a PTFE frit (0.451M). The aqueous solution was freeze-dried to give a foam (300 mg). A solution of the foam in DMSO (3 ml) was treated with aqueous 2M hydrochloric acid (0.6 ml) and purified by low pH HPLC. The resultant gum was further dried in vacuo at 40° C. to give the title compound (104 mg, 31%) as a colourless gum.

Example 1 Method 4: (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.62-7.56 (m, 2H), 6.99-6.93 (m, 1H), 4.33 (ddd, J=20.6, 5.8, 2.6 Hz, 4H), 3.18 (ddd, J=9.5, 5.9, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (ddd, J=9.3, 5.7, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.65 (dddd, J=33.1, 9.1, 5.8, 3.5 Hz, 2 Hz). LCMS Tr=2.16 min; 99% m/z (ES+) 249 (M+H⁺).

Example 2 Method 4: (1S,2S)-2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 7.85 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (dd, J=8.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.27-4.20 (m, 2H), 3.16 (ddd, J=8.9, 5.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.06 (ddd, J=9.4, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.96 (dt, J=11.5, 6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (dddd, J=14.1, 8.8, 5.7, 3.2 Hz, 2H). Tr=2.47 min m/z (ES+) 247 (M+H⁺).

TABLE 4 % Molecular LCMS Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name Weight Data at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(2,3- dihydro-1,4- benzodioxine-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 248.07 Tr = 2.16 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 249 101.6

(1S,2S)-2-(3,4- dihydro-2H-1- benzopyran-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 246.26 Tr = 2.47 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 247 101  

Method 5 Scheme for Method 5

Step 1, Method 5: (1S,2S)-2-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

Aluminium chloride (1.68 g, 6.32 mmol) was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (25 mL) and cooled to 0° C. under nitrogen. A solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-(carbonochloridoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (1.027 g, 6.32 mmol) in1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. 2-Methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran (0.848 g, 6.32 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) was injected dropwise in to the reaction mixture over 2 min and the reaction mixture was kept at 00 for 30 min, then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into ice (250 mL) containing conc hydrochloric acid (25 mL), and the organic layer separated. The aqueous was further extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 mL) and the combined dried (Na₂SO₄) organic extracts were evaporated in vacuo. The residual oil was absorbed from ethyl acetate onto silica gel (Merck 9385, 12 mL), and the resultant silica purified on a Biotage machine (100 g KPSIL cartridge). Gradient elution with ethyl acetate-heptane (1% EtOAc, 1 CV; 1 to 20% EtOAC over 10 CV; 20% EtOAc, 2 CV) afforded an oil. This was purified by reverse phase low pH HPLC to give the title compound (265 mg, 16%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.00-7.77 (m, 2H), 6.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.12-4.96 (m, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.38 (dd, J=15.6, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.13 (ddd, J=9.5, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (dd, J=15.6, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (ddd, J=9.5, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.61 (ddd, J=8.9, 5.8, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (ddd, J=9.0, 5.8, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.50 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H). LCMS Tr=1.97 min; m/z (ES+) 261 (M+H)⁺

Intermediate 2 Step 1, Method 5: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.89 (dd, J=8.4, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.83 (m, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.13 (ddd, J=8.8, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (ddd, J=8.7, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.61 (ddd, J=8.9, 5.8, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.54 (ddd, J=9.0, 5.8, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (s, 6H). LCMS Tr=2.10 min; m/z 275 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 3 Step 1, Method 5: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

LCMS Tr=3.16 min; m/z 279 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 4 Step 1, Method 5: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.89 (dd, J=8.4, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.83 (m, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.13 (ddd, J=8.8, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (ddd, J=8.7, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.61 (ddd, J=8.9, 5.8, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.54 (ddd, J=9.0, 5.8, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (s, 6H). LCMS Tr=1.9 min; m/z (ES+) 249 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2, Method 5: (1S,2S)-2-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

2M NaOH (0.15 mL, 0.31 mmol) is added in one portion to a stirred solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-(2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (0.08 g, 0.28 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and the resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. After this time the reaction mixture is acidified with 1M HCl, and the resulting suspension is extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic extracts are washed with brine (10 mL), before being dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue is purified by prep HPLC to give the title compound (0.03 g, 39% yield) as a white solid.

Example 1 Method 5: (1S,2S)-2-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.92-7.85 (m, 2H), 6.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (dq, J=13.2, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (dd, J=15.6, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (ddd, J=9.3, 5.9, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (dd, i=15.6, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (ddd, J=9.0, 5.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.68 (ddd, J=8.9, 5.9, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (ddd, J=9.0, 5.7, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.50 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H). LCMS Tr=2.50 min; m/z (ES+) 247 (M+H)+.

Example 2 Method 5: (1S,2S)-2-(2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.90 (dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (m, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (ddd, J=9.5, 5.9, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (s, 2H), 2.36 (ddd, J=9.2, 5.7, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.68 (ddd, J=8.9, 5.9, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (ddd, J=9.0, 5.7, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.52 (s, 6H). Tr=2.74 min; m/z (ES+) 261 (M+H)+.

Example 3 Method 5: (1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.78 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (dd, J=8.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.53-4.49 (m, 2H), 3.19-3.12 (m, 3H), 2.37 (ddd, J=9.2, 5.7, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.70-1.57 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 194.4, 176.4, 155.6, 130.5, 128.7, 126.3, 118.5, 118.3, 65.8, 26.3, 23.2, 24.9, 18.2. Tr=2.47 min m/z (ES+) 265 (M+H)+.

Example 4 Method 5: (1S,2S)-2-(2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.76 (dd, J=8.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (s, 2H), 3.16 (ddd, J=9.0, 5.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.07 (ddd, J=9.5, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (dtd, J=10.9, 5.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H). Tr=2.13 min m/z (ES+) 235 (M+H)⁺.

TABLE 5 % Molecular LCMS Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name Weight Data at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(2-methyl- 2,3-dihydro-1- benzofuran-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 246.258 Tr = 2.5 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 247 102.8

(1S,2S)-2-(2,2- dimethyl-2,3-dihydro- 1-benzofuran-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 260.29  Tr = 2.74 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 261  64.8

(1S,2S)-2-(2,3- dihydro-1,4- benzoxathiine-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 264.3  Tr = 2.47 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 265 101.2

(1S,2S)-2-(2H-1,3- benzodioxole-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 234.2  Tr = 2.13 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 235  94.1

Method 6 Scheme for Method 6

Step 1, Method 6:4-Bromo-2-chloro-1-[(2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)oxy]benzene

Potassium carbonate (33.31 g, 241 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (25 g, 121 mmol) and 3-bromo-2-methylprop-1-ene (14.6 mL, 145 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (100 mL) was stirred at 80° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and partitioned between water (250 mL) and EtOAc (250 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed with water (2×250 mL), brine (250 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as a pale yellow oil (31.6 g, 99% yield), which was used in the next step without purification. δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.50 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (s, 1H), 5.02 (s, 1H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 1.84 (s, 3H). Tr=2.45 min, no mass ion.

Step 2, Method 6:4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-(2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)phenol

N,N-Diethylaniline (17.2 mL, 108 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-bromo-2-chloro-1-[(2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)oxy]benzene (99%, 28.52 g, 108 mmol) in mesitylene (250 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 190° C. for 18.5 hours, allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (500 mL), washed with 1N HCl (2×200 mL), brine (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a brown oil (m=28.0 g), which was purified by column chromatography (5% EtOAc in heptane). Mixed fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow (m=13.49 g), which was purified again by column chromatography (Biotage, 1-10% EtOAc in heptane). Pure fractions from both columns were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as a pale yellow oil (13.75 g, 46% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.35 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (s, 1H), 4.88 (s, 1H), 4.73 (s, 1H), 3.35 (s, 2H), 1.73 (s, 3H). Tr=2.27 min, no mass ion.

Step 3, Method 6: 4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-(2-hydroxypropyl)phenol

4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-(2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)phenol (94%, 7.18 g, 27.5 mmol) was dissolved in THF (150 mL) and water (150 mL) and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. (ice/water bath). Sodium periodate (11.74 g, 54.9 mmol) was added in one portion. After 5 minutes, osmium tetroxide (3.5 ml, 4 wt % solution in water, 0.55 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was poured in ice-cold brine (150 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (150 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a dark orange oil (m=8.40 g). This was taken-up in MeOH (150 mL) and the mixture cooled to 0° C. (ice-water bath). Sodium borohydride (2.08 g, 54.9 mmol) was added portionwise over 15 minutes at such a rate as to maintain temperature below 15° C. Upon addition, the reaction mixture turned from orange to dark green. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between 1N HCl (100 mL) and EtOAc (100 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted further with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a dark brown oil (8.20 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 7-60% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.31 in 30% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as an off-white solid (4.78 g, 98% purity, 64% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (ddq, J=9.4, 6.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (dd, J=14.4, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (dd, J=14.4, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.18 (s, 1H), 1.28 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H). Tr=1.91 min m/z (ES−) (M−H⁻) 263, 265, 267.

Step 4, Method 6: 5-Bromo-7-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran

Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (4.61 mL, 23.4 mmol) was added to a cold (0° C.) solution of 4-bromo-2-chloro-6-(2-hydroxypropyl)phenol (98%, 4.78 g, 18 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (6.14 g, 23.4 mmol) in anhydrous THF (100 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow oil. Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 1-10% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.38 in 5% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a pale yellow oil (m=4.18 g, 93% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.25 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.13 (m, 1H), 5.10-4.97 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dd, J=15.8, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (dd, J=15.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H). Tr=2.30 min, no mass ion.

Step 5, Method 6: (7-Chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)trimethylstannane

n-Butyllithium (11.5 mL of a 1.6M solution in hexanes, 18.4 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes to a cold (−78° C.) solution of 5-bromo-7-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran (99%, 4.18 g, 16.72 mmol) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 45 minutes and chloro(trimethyl)stannane (1M solution in THF, 18.4 mL, 18.4 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature and stirred for 22 hours. The reaction mixture was poured in brine (50 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted further with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow oil (5.28 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 2-20% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.51 in 10% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a pale yellow oil (3.80 g, 59% yield), which was used without further purification. δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.18-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.08-4.91 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dd, J=15.5, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (dd, J=15.5, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.27 (s, 9H). Tr=2.58 min, no mass ion.

Step 6, Method 6: (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

A solution of (7-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)trimethylstannane (86%, 890 mg, 2.31 mmol) and methyl (1S,2S)-2-(carbonochloridoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (560 mg, 3.47 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (10 mL) was degassed for 20 minutes by bubbling nitrogen. PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂(81 mg g, 0.12 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave an orange oil. Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 5-40% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.24 in 20% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a thick yellow oil (520 mg, 73% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.87 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.20-5.09 (m, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.45 (dd, J=15.7, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (ddd, J=9.4, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (dd, J=15.7, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (ddd, J=9.3, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.63-1.50 (m, 5H). Tr=1.91 min m/z (ES⁺) (M+H⁺) 295, 297.

Step 7, Method 6: (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)-cyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid

2M Sodium hydroxide (1.7 mL, 3.4 mmol) was added to a solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (96%, 520 mg, 1.7 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5.5 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue taken up in water (20 mL). The aqueous mixture was acidified to pH=2 with 2N HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow oil (453 mg). Purification by acidic preparative HPLC afforded a white solid (m=234 mg). This was re-purified by basic preparative HPLC. Fractions containing product were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in 1N HCl (10 mL) and extracted with diethyl ether (3×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as a white solid (155 mg, 32% yield).

Example 1 Method 6: (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-carbonyl)-cyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.88 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.20-5.11 (m, 1H), 3.45 (dd, J=15.8, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (ddd, J=9.4, 5.9, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (dd, J=15.7, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (ddd, J=9.1, 5.7, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (ddd, J=8.9, 5.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (ddd, J=9.1, 5.7, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H). Tr=2.68 min m/z (ES−) (M−H)⁻ 279, 281.

TABLE 6 % Molecular LCMS Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name Weight Data at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2- methyl-2,3-dihydro-1- benzofuran-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 280.704 Tr = 2.68 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 279/281 100.4

Method 7 Scheme for Method 7

Step 1, Method 7: 4-Bromo-5-chloro-2-(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenol

Borane.THF (1M solution in THF, 25.8 mL, 25.8 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes to a solution of 4-bromo-2-chloro-6-(2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)phenol (94%, 7.18 g, 25.81 mmol) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Water (1.55 mL, 25.8 mmol), 3M sodium hydroxide (3.96 ml, 11.9 mmol) and hydrogen peroxide (30% w/w solution in water, 2.7 mL, 25.8 mmol) were added slowly and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. Water (50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow oil (8.73 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 7-60% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.23 in 30% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as an off-white solid (7.16 g, 97% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.35 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (dd, J=10.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (dd, J=10.7, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (dd, J=13.8, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (dd, J=13.8, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.06-1.94 (m, 1H), 0.98 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H). Tr=1.89 min m/z (ES−) (M−H⁻) 277, 279, 281.

Step 2, Method 7: 6-Bromo-8-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran

Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (6.4 mL, 32.6 mmol) was added to a cold (0° C.) solution of 4-bromo-5-chloro-2-(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenol (98%, 7.16 g, 25.1 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (8.56 g, 32.6 mmol) in anhydrous THF (70 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2.5 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow oil. Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 1-10% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.42 in 5% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a pale yellow solid (6.13 g, 92% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.31 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08-7.04 (m, 1H), 4.30 (ddd, J=10.7, 3.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.81-3.70 (m, 1H), 2.81 (ddd, J=16.4, 5.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (dd, J=16.4, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (dtdd, J=12.8, 8.4, 6.7, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.05 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). Tr=2.36 min, no mass ion.

Step 3, Method 7: (8-Chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)trimethylstannane

n-Butyllithium (15.8 mL of a 1.6M solution in hexanes, 25.3 mmol) was added dropwise over 20 minutes to a cold (−78° C.) solution of 6-bromo-8-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran (98%, 6.13 g, 23.0 mmol) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 45 minutes and chloro(trimethyl)stannane (1M solution in THF, 25.3 mL, 25.3 mmol) was added dropwise over 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly and stirred for 22 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into brine (100 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and further extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a pale yellow sticky solid (7.82 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 1-10% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.50 in 5% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as an off-white solid (5.49 g, 55% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.02-6.99 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.22 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.68 (m, 1H), 2.85 (ddd, J=16.2, 5.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 2.45 (dd, J=16.2, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (dddp, J=12.9, 9.8, 6.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.06 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.27 (s, 9H). Tr=2.63 min, no mass ion.

Step 4, Method 7: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

A solution of (8-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)trimethylstannane (80%, 1.00 g, 2.32 mmol) and (1S,2S)-2-(carbonochloridoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (560 mg, 3.47 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (10 mL) was degassed for 20 minutes by bubbling nitrogen. PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂(81 mg g, 0.12 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave an orange oil. Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 5-40% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.27 in 20% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a thick colourless oil (477 mg, 62% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.88 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.61 (m, 1H), 4.39 (ddd, J=10.7, 3.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.08 (ddd, J=9.4, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.94-2.86 (m, 1H), 2.51 (dd, J=16.2, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.39-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.62-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.09 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). Tr=2.11 min m/z (ES⁺) (M+H⁺) 309, 311.

Step 5, Method 7: (1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid

2M Sodium hydroxide (1.4 mL, 2.8 mmol) was added to a solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (93%, 477 mg, 1.44 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5.5 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue taken up in water (20 mL). The aqueous mixture was acidified to pH=2 with 2N HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow oil (574 mg). Purification by acidic preparative HPLC afforded the title compound as a white solid (221 mg, 52% yield).

Example 1 Method 7: (1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonyl)cyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.88 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.63 (m, 1H), 4.40 (ddd, J=10.7, 3.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.13 (ddd, J=9.4, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (dd, J=16.3, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (dd, J=16.3, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (dddd, J=7.0, 5.4, 3.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 2.26-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.66 (ddd, J=8.7, 5.8, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (ddd, J=9.1, 5.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H). Tr=3.09 min m/z (ES⁺) (M+H⁺) 295, 297.

TABLE 7 % Molecular LCMS Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name Weight Data at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-3- methyl-3,4-dihydro- 2H-1-benzopyran-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 294.73 Tr = 3.1 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 295/297 101.4

Method 8 Scheme for Method 8

Step 1, Method 8: 5-Bromo-3-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Powdered sodium hydroxide (23.14 g, 578 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (20 g, 96 mmol) and water (1.8 mL, 96 mmol) in chloroform (200 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 7.5 hours. Powdered sodium hydroxide (7.71 g, 193 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed for an additional 19 hours, allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with water (250 mL), acidified to pH=1 with 2N HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×500 mL). The combined organic extracts were filtered to remove a small amount of insoluble off-white solid, washed with brine (2×500 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a dark brown oil (18.42 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 2-20% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.35 in 10% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a pale yellow solid (3.42 g, 14% yield), which was used without further purification. δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 11.21 (s, 1H), 10.12 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H). Tr=1.94 min, no mass ion.

Step 2, Method 8:5-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diol

A solution of hydrogen peroxide (30 wt % in water, 1.6 ml, 15.7 mmol) in water (20 mL) was added dropwise over 10 minutes to a solution of 5-bromo-3-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (90%, 3.42 g, 13.1 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (0.63 g, 15.7 mmol) in water (30 mL). The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. A saturated sodium sulfite solution (20 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, acidified to pH=2 with 1N HCl and extracted with DCM (3×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a thick orange oil (3.07 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 7-60% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.30 in 30% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a beige solid (2.01 g, 95% purity, 65% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.04 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (s, 1H), 5.50 (s, 1H). Tr=1.63 min m/z (ES−) (M−H⁻) 221, 223, 225.

Step 3, Method 8:7-Bromo-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine

Cesium carbonate (5.57 g, 17.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 5-bromo-3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diol (95%, 2.01 g, 8.6 mmol) and 1,2-dibromoethane (0.81 ml, 9.4 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and partitioned between water (20 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted further with EtOAc (2×20 mL). the combined organic extracts were washed with water (2×20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a brown oil (1.71 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 1-10% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.26 in 10% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a white solid (1.38 g, 63% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.08 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.36-4.33 (m, 2H), 4.28-4.25 (m, 2H). Tr=2.11 min, no mass ion.

Step 4, Method 8: (8-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)trimethylstannane

n-Butyllithium (3.7 mL of a 1.6M solution in hexanes, 5.9 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes to a cold (−78° C.) solution of 7-Bromo-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine (97%, 1.38 g, 15.4 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 45 minutes and chloro(trimethyl)stannane (1M solution in THF, 5.9 mL, 5.9 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes. After 20 minutes, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly and stirred for 21 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into brine (50 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted further with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow oil (1.85 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 1-10% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.33 in 5% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a pale yellow oil (1.40 g, 54% yield), which was used without further purification. Tr=2.70 min, no mass ion.

Step 5, Method 8: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

A solution of (8-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)trimethylstannane (69%, 1.4 g, 2.9 mmol) and methyl (1S,2S)-2-(carbonochloridoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (716 mg, 4.4 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (20 mL) was degassed by bubbling nitrogen for 30 minutes. PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂(102 mg, 0.14 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a thick yellow oil (1.46 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 7-40% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.25 in 30% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as an off-white solid (390 mg, 100% purity, 45% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.66 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.46-4.40 (m, 2H), 4.34-4.29 (m, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.06 (ddd, J=8.7, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (ddd, J=8.7, 5.9, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.59 (ddt, J=12.0, 6.0, 3.5 Hz, 2H). Tr=1.95 min m/z (ES+) (M+H⁺) 297, 299.

Step 6, Method 8: (1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

2M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.3 mL, 2.6 mmol) was added to a solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (390 mg, 1.3 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. 2N aqueous HCl (1.3 mL, 2.6 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a pale yellow solid. Purification by acidic preparative HPLC afforded the title compound as a white solid (58 mg, 15% yield).

Example 1 Method 8: (1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.66 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.47-4.40 (m, 2H), 4.34-4.28 (m, 2H), 3.11 (ddd, J=9.4, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (ddd, J=8.8, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.64 (dddd, J=18.2, 9.1, 5.8, 3.6 Hz, 2H). Tr=2.55 min m/z (ES⁺) (M+H⁺) 283, 285.

TABLE 8 % Molecular LCMS Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name Weight Data at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro- 2,3-dihydro-1,4- benzodioxine-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 282.68 Tr = 2.55 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 283/285 102.4

Method 9 Scheme for Method 9

Step 1, Method 9: 6-Bromo-4-chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxole

Cesium carbonate (5.18 g, 15.9 mmol) was added to a solution of 5-bromo-3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diol (96%, 1.85 g, 7.95 mmol) and dibromomethane (0.6 mL, 8.7 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 19 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned between water (20 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted further with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (2×20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a sticky brown solid (1.83 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 1-10% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.40 in 5% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a white solid (1.57 g, 83% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.00 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (s, 2H). Tr=2.12 min, no mass ion.

Step 2, Method 9: (7-Chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)trimethylstannane

n-Butyllithium (4.5 mL of a 1.6M solution in hexanes, 7.3 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes to a cold (−78° C.) solution of 6-bromo-4-chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxole (99%, 1.57 g, 6.6 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 45 minutes and chloro(trimethyl)stannane (1M solution in THF, 7.3 mL, 7.3 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes. After 20 minutes, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 21 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into brine (50 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted further with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow oil (1.98 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 1-10% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.50 in 5% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a colourless oil (944 mg, 33% yield), which was used without further purification in next step. Tr=2.49 min, no mass ion.

Step 3, Method 9: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

A solution of (7-chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)trimethylstannane (73%, 944 mg, 2.2 mmol) and methyl (1S,2S)-2-(carbonochloridoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (534 mg, 3.3 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (20 mL) was degassed by bubbling nitrogen for 30 minutes. PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂(76 mg, 0.11 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a thick yellow oil (1.21 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 7-60% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.22 in 20% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a white solid (309 mg, 90% purity, 46% yield), which was used in next step without further purification. δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.63 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (s, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.04 (ddd, J=8.7, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (ddd, J=8.7, 6.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.64-1.56 (m, 2H). Tr=1.95 min m/z (ES⁺) (M+H⁺) 285, 287.

Step 4, Method 9: (1S,2S)-2-(7-Chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

2M aqueous sodium hydroxide (0.98 mL, 1.97 mmol) was added to a solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (90%, 309 mg, 0.98 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 hours. 2N aqueous HCl (0.98 mL, 1.97 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a pale yellow oil. Purification by acidic preparative HPLC afforded the title compound as a white solid (48 mg, 18% yield).

Example 1 Method 9: (1S,2S)-2-(7-Chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.63 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (s, 2H), 3.09 (ddd, J=9.4, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (ddd, J=8.8, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.65 (dddd, J=17.0, 9.2, 5.8, 3.6 Hz, 2H). Tr=2.57 min m/z (ES⁺) (M+H⁺) 269, 271.

TABLE 9 % Molecular LCMS Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name Weight Data at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro- 2H-1,3-benzodioxole- 5- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 268.65 Tr = 2.57 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 269/271 102.3

Method 10 Scheme for Method 10

Step 1, Method 10: 6-Bromo-4-chloro-2-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxole

Cesium carbonate (5.18 g, 15.9 mmol) was added to a solution of 5-bromo-3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diol (96%, 1.85 g, 7.95 mmol) and 1,1-dibromoethane (0.76 mL, 8.74 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (20 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 21.5 hours. 1,1-Dibromethane (1.4 mL, 15.9 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for an additional 23 hours, allowed to cool to room temperature and partitioned between water (50 mL) and EtOAc (50 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted further with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (2×50 mL), brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a dark purple oil (1.84 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, heptane, Rf=0.34 in heptane) afforded the title compound as a colourless oil (1.18 g, 58% yield). δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 6.97 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (q, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.72 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 3H). Tr=2.23 min, no mass ion.

Step 2, Method 10: (7-Chloro-2-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)trimethylstannane

n-Butyllithium (3.2 mL of a 1.6M solution in hexanes, 5.0 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes to a cold (−78° C.) solution of 6-bromo-4-chloro-2-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxole (97%, 1.18 g, 4.59 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 45 minutes and chloro(trimethyl)stannane (1M solution in THF, 5.0 mL, 5.0 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes. After 20 minutes, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature and stirred for 22 hours. The reaction mixture was poured in brine (50 mL). the aqueous layer was separated and extracted further with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow oil (m=1.51 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 0-5% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.23 in heptane) afforded the title compound as a colourless oil (805 mg, 44% yield), which was used in the next step without further purification. δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 6.86 (s, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.31-6.28 (m, 1H), 1.72 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 3H), 0.28 (s, 9H). Tr=2.59 min, no mass ion.

Step 3, Method 10: Methyl (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carbo-xylate

A solution of (7-chloro-2-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)trimethylstannane (84%, 805 mg, 2.03 mmol) and (1S,2S)-2-(carbonochloridoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (522 mg, 3.21 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (10 mL) was degassed for 20 minutes by bubbling nitrogen. PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂(71 mg, 0.1 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen for 3 hours, allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a sticky yellow solid (1.09 g). Purification by column chromatography (Biotage, 5-40% EtOAc in heptane, Rf=0.31 in 20% EtOAc in heptane) afforded the title compound as a colourless oil (401 mg, 59% yield), which was used in the next step without further purification. δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.61 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (qd, J=5.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.03 (ddd, J=9.3, 5.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.76 (dd, J=5.0, 0.8 Hz, 3H), 1.61-1.55 (m, 2H). Tr=2.05 min m/z (ES+) (M+H⁺) 297, 299.

Step 4, Method 10: (1S,2S)-2-(7-Chloro-2-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

2M Sodium hydroxide (1.2 mL, 2.4 mmol) was added to a solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carbo-xylate (89%, 401 mg, 1.2 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 hours. 2M Sodium hydroxide (0.6 mL, 1.2 mmol), The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 16 hours. 2N HCl (1.8 mL, 3.6 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a pale yellow solid Purification by acidic preparative HPLC afforded the title compound as a white solid (m=160 mg, 97% purity, 46% yield).

Example 1 Method 10: (1S,2S)-2-(7-Chloro-2-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

δ_(H) NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 7.61 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (qd, J=4.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (ddd, J=9.2, 5.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.34 (m, 1H), 1.76 (dd, J=5.0, 0.9 Hz, 3H), 1.65 (dddt, J=20.5, 9.1, 5.7, 2.8 Hz, 2H). Tr=2.84 min m/z (ES+) (M+H⁺) 283, 285.

TABLE 10 % Molecular LCMS Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name Weight Data at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2- methyl-2H-1,3- benzodioxole-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid 282.68 Tr = 2.84 min m/z (ES+) (M + H+) 283/285 102.3

Prophetic Examples

The following examples may be prepared using the methods described above

Structure IUPAC Name

(1S,2S)-2-(8-Chloro-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline-6- carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

(1S,2S)-2-(4-chloro-2-oxo-2,3- dihydrobenzo[d]oxazole-6- carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro- 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5- carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3- dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5- carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-1-methyl-2-oxo-2,3- dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5- carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

Biology Example 1

A generalized procedure for monitoring L-Kynurenine (KYN) hydroxylation to form product 3-Hydroxy-Kynurenine (3OH-KYN) by LC/MS is described below. Product is quantified by multiple reaction monitoring using MS.

Key Reagents:

-   Compound: Stock concentrations: 10 mM in 100% DMSO -   Cell line: CHO GST HIS KMO cell line, 1E4 cells/well/100 μl in 96     well cell plate -   Substrate: L-Kynurenine (Sigma: Cat#K3750, stock concentration: 10     mM in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4)     Assay Conditions: -   Medium: OptiMem (Reduced Serum Medium 1×, +L-Glutamine+HEPES−Phenol     Red; GIBCO: Cat#11058) -   Assay Volume: 200 μl -   Plate Format: 96 well plate, transparent (Corning) -   Read-Out: product (3OH-KYN) quantification using product specific     MRM -   Reader: LC/MS/MS     Assay Protocol:     -   prepare serial dilution (factor 3) of compound in 100% DMSO (top         concentration=6.67 mM, 100% DMSO)         -   [8 points: 6.67 mM; 2.22 mM; 0.74 mM; 0.247 mM; 0.082 mM;             0.027 mM; 0.009 mM; 0.003 mM]     -   prepare 300-fold concentrated solution of each compound         concentration (top concentration 22.22 μM, 0.3% DMSO) in OptiMem         medium         -   [22.2 μM; 7.411M; 2.47 μM; 0.82 μM; 0.27 μM; 0.09 μM; 0.03             μM; 0.01 μM]     -   prepare substrate (10 mM) at concentration of 1.1 mM in medium     -   medium of cell plate is drawed off     -   cells are washed with OptiMem (100 μl/well) and drawed off again     -   assay mix: 90 μl OptiMem/well+90 μl compound/well of each         concentration         -   [final compound top concentration: 10 μM; 0.15% DMSO]         -   [final compound bottom concentration: 0.004 μM; 0.15% DMSO]     -   pre-incubation: 30 min at 37° C.     -   add 20 μl/well of the 1.1 mM substrate solution (final assay         concentration: 100 μM)     -   positive control: 200 μl OptiMem     -   negative control: 180 μl OptiMem+20 μl 1.1 mM substrate     -   incubate ˜24 h at 37° C.     -   transfer 100 μl of each well in a transparent 96 well plate         (Corning)     -   add 100 l/well 10% trichloro acetic acid (TCA) in water     -   centrifugate plate for 3 min at 4000 rpm     -   detect product by LC/MS (injection of 50 μl/well; 2.5 fold         overfill of the 20 μl sample loop)         Data Analysis:

IC₅₀'s are calculated using automated fitting algorithm (A+Analysis).

Biology Example 2

A method of monitoring L-Kynurenine (KYN) hydroxylation to form product 3-Hydroxy-Kynurenine (3OH-KYN) by LC/MS is described below. Product is quantified by multiple reaction monitoring.

Key Reagents:

-   Compound: Stock concentrations: 10 mM in 100% DMSO -   Enzyme: KMO enzyme prepared at Evotec via mitochondria isolation     from CHO-GST HIS KMO cells -   Substrate: L-Kynurenine (Sigma: Cat#K3750)     -   [stock concentration: 10 mM in 100 mM potassium phosphate         buffer, pH 7.4]         Assay Conditions: -   Buffer: 100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.4, 200 μM NADPH, 0.4 U/ml     G6P-DH (Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase), 3 mM G6P (D-Glucose     6-phosphate) -   Assay Volume: 40 μl -   Plate Format: 384 well plate, transparent (Matrix) -   Read-Out: product (3OH-KYN) quantification using product specific     MRM -   Reader: LC/MS/MS     Assay Protocol:     -   prepare serial dilution (factor 3) of compound in 100% DMSO (top         concentration=10 mM, 100% DMSO)         -   [8 points: 10 mM; 3.33 mM; 1.11 mM; 0.37 mM; 0.12 mM; 0.04             mM; 0.0137 mM; 0.0045 mM, 0.0015 mM]     -   prepare 3.33-fold concentrated solution of each compound         concentration (top concentration 300 μM, 3% DMSO) in assay         buffer         -   [concentrations: 300 μM; 100 μM; 33.3 μM; 11.1 μM; 3.70 μM;             1.23 μM; 0.41 μM; 0.137 μM]     -   prepare substrate (10 mM) at concentration of 1 mM in assay         buffer     -   assay mix: 4 μl compound/well of each concentration+24 μl assay         buffer/well+8 μl KMO human enzyme+4 μl mM substrate (final         concentration=100 μM)         -   [final compound top concentration: 30 μM; 0.3% DMSO]         -   [final compound bottom concentration: 0.0137 μM; 0.3% DMSO]     -   positive control: 4 μl 50 μM FCE28833 in assay buffer [0.5%         DMSO](final assay concentration=5 μM)+24 μl assay buffer/well+8         μl KMO human enzyme+4 μl 1 mM substrate (final concentration=100         μM)     -   negative control: 28 μl assay buffer/well+8 μl KMO human         enzyme+4 μl 1 mM substrate (final concentration=100 μM)     -   incubate 400 min at RT     -   add 40 μl/well 10% trichloro acetic acid in water to stop the         assay and precipitate protein     -   centrifuge plate for 3 min at 4000 rpm     -   product detection by LC/MS (injection of 50 μl/well; 2.5 fold         overfill of the 20 μl sample loop)         Data Analysis:

IC₅₀'s are calculated using automated fitting algorithm (A+ Analysis).

Biology Example 3

A method of monitoring L-Kynurenine (KYN) hydroxylation to form 3-Hydroxy-Kynurenine (3OH-KYN) by LC/MS is described. Product is quantified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM method).

Key Reagents:

-   Compound: Stock concentrations: 10 mM in 100% DMSO -   Enzyme: KMO enzyme prepared at Evotec from mouse liver (4-6 weeks     old) via mitochondria isolation as described in the literature -   Substrate: L-Kynurenine (Sigma: Cat#K3750, stock concentration: 10     mM in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4)     Assay Conditions: -   Buffer: 100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.4, 200 μM NADPH, 0.4 U/ml     G6P-DH (Glucose 6-phosphate Dehydrogenase), 3 mM G6P (D-Glucose     6-phosphate) -   Assay Volume: 40 μl -   Plate Format: 384 well plate, transparent (Matrix) -   Read-Out: product (3OH-KYN) quantification using product specific     MRM -   Reader: LC/MS/MS     Assay Protocol:     -   prepare serial dilution (factor 3) of compound in 100% DMSO (top         concentration=10 mM, 100% DMSO)         -   [8 points: 10 mM; 3.33 mM; 1.11 mM; 0.37 mM; 0.12 mM; 0.04             mM; 0.0137 mM; 0.0045 mM, 0.0015 mM]     -   prepare 3.33-fold concentrated solution of each compound         concentration (top concentration 300 μM, 3% DMSO) in assay         buffer         -   [concentrations: 300 μM; 100 μM; 33.3 μM; 11.1M; 3.701M;             1.23 μM; 0.411M; 0.137 μM]     -   prepare substrate (10 mM) at concentration of 1 mM in assay         buffer     -   assay mix: 4 μl compound/well of each concentration+24 μl         assaybuffer/well+8 μl KMO mouse enzyme+4 μl 1 mM substrate         (final concentration=100 μM)         -   [final compound top concentration: 30 μM; 0.3% DMSO]         -   [final compound bottom concentration: 0.0137 μM; 0.3% DMSO]     -   positive control: 4 μl 50 μM FCE28833 in assay buffer, 0.5% DMSO         [final assay concentration=5 μM]+24 μl assaybuffer/well+8 μl KMO         mouse enzyme+4 μl mM substrate [final concentration=100 μM]     -   negative control: 28 μl assay buffer/well+8 μl KMO mouse         enzyme+4 μl 1 mM substrate         -   [final concentration=1001M]     -   incubate 40 min at RT     -   add 40 μl/well 10% trichloro acetic acid in water to stop the         assay and precipitate protein     -   centrifuge plate for 3 min at 4000 rpm     -   product detection by LC/MS (injection of 20 μl/well, 2 fold         overfill of the 10 μl sample loop)         Data Analysis:

IC₅₀'s are calculated using automated fitting algorithm (A+Analysis).

Biology Example 4

Using the assay protocols substantially similar to those of Biology Example 3, the following compounds were tested.

Table of compounds with inhibition information % Inhibition Structure IUPAC Name at 30 μM

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro- 1-benzofuran-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 100.3

(1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1- benzofuran-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid  98.7

(1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-3,4-dihydro- 2H-1-benzopyran-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 100.3

(1S,2S)-2-(4-chloro-3-methyl-2- oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole- 6-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid  93.5

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-3-methyl-2- oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole- 5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 101.1

(1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4- benzodioxine-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 101.6

(1S,2S)-2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-1- benzopyran-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 101  

(1S,2S)-2-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydro- 1-benzofuran-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 102.8

(1S,2S)-2-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3- dihydro-1-benzofuran-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid  64.8

(1S,2S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4- benzoxathiine-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 101.2

(1S,2S)-2-(2H-1,3-benzodioxole- 5-carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid  94.1

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-methyl-2,3- dihydro-1-benzofuran-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 100.4

(1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-3-methyl-3,4- dihydro-2H-1-benzofuran-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 101.4

(1S,2S)-2-(8-chloro-2,3-dihydro- 1,4-benzodioxine-6- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 102.4

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2H-1,3- benzodioxole-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 102.3

(1S,2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-methyl-2H- 1,3-benzodioxole-5- carbonyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid 102.3

While some embodiments have been shown and described, various modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, for claim construction purposes, it is not intended that the claims set forth hereinafter be construed in any way narrower than the literal language thereof, and it is thus not intended that exemplary embodiments from the specification be read into the claims. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustration and not limitations on the scope of the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 